%PDF-1.2 % 8 0 obj << /Length 9 0 R >> stream 0 0 0 rg 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 494.4 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 301.68 45.12 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj ET 0.7843 0.7765 0.8745 rg 60.72 470.88 490.56 122.52 re f 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg 60 594.12 m 552 594.12 l 552 470.16 l 60 470.16 l 60 594.12 l 60.96 471.12 l 551.04 471.12 l 551.04 593.16 l 60.96 593.16 l 60.96 471.12 l 60 594.12 l f* q 144 0 0 -1.44 60 732.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 12 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 730.8 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 728.04 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 725.28 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????????||<<   EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 722.52 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 719.76 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ??????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 717 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 714.24 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID  ???? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 711.48 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???``  ????????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 708.72 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?????????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 705.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 703.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ??? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 700.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 697.68 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ??@ EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.4 60 694.92 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 20 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?????? EI Q BT 245.16 716.16 TD /F1 20.04 Tf -0.0059 Tc -0.0032 Tw (SYNTHESES OF BEST PRACTICES) Tj 27.84 -24 TD 0.013 Tc -0.0221 Tw (ROAD SA) Tj -0.1082 Tc 0.2191 Tw (LT MANAGEMENT) Tj -213 -21.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0278 Tc -0.0093 Tw (Transportation Association of Canada) Tj 323.88 0 TD -0.0088 Tc -0.0183 Tw (Association des transports du Canada) Tj ET 60 664.08 492 1.08 re f BT 165 630.72 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 18 Tf -0.008 Tc -0.196 Tw (7.0 DESIGN ) Tj -0.0857 Tc 0.0017 Tw (AND OPER) Tj -0.24 Tc 0.036 Tw (ATION OF) Tj 13.56 -21.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (RO) Tj -0.1274 Tc 0.1034 Tw (AD MAINTENANCE ) Tj -0.456 Tc 0 Tw (YARDS) Tj -118.56 -159.6 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.316 Tc (INTRODUCTION) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0433 Tc 0.0344 Tw (A ) Tj 9.12 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0173 Tc -0.3516 Tw (Road Maintenance Yard) Tj 111.96 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0084 Tc -0.3533 Tw ( is the location from which) Tj -121.08 -12 TD -0.0087 Tc 0.8912 Tw (a road authority stages its road maintenance opera-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.067 Tc -0.7273 Tw (tions. It is referred to by a variety of other names includ-) Tj T* -0.0042 Tc 0.3193 Tw (ing: patrol yards, camps and depots. It is likely that a) Tj T* -0 Tc 0.0511 Tw (road maintainer will work out of several different road) Tj T* -0.0502 Tc -0.6787 Tw (maintenance yards throughout his or her caree) Tj -0.0982 Tc -0.6306 Tw (r. Often) Tj T* -0.178 Tc -0.6709 Tw (in the past, these yards have been located and designed) Tj T* -0.0196 Tc -0.696 Tw (on the basis of some historic rationale. The yard layout) Tj T* -0.015 Tc -0.3689 Tw (is not often questioned and is not always understood.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0023 Tc -0.1399 Tw (This Chapter of the Syntheses of Best Practices is in-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0028 Tc 0.371 Tw (tended to present the salt management and environ-) Tj T* -0.1223 Tc -0.7437 Tw (mental considerations that should be taken into account) Tj T* -0.0368 Tc -0.6521 Tw (when designing, operating and maintaining road main-) Tj T* -0.0035 Tc 0.1146 Tw (tenance yards. There are many other considerations,) Tj T* -0.0144 Tc 0.1255 Tw (particularly related to safet) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0097 Tc 0.1208 Tw (, that are unrelated to salt) Tj T* 0.0057 Tc -0.7003 Tw (management that are not addressed in this document,) Tj T* -0.0101 Tc -0.0287 Tw (but that should be taken into account when designing) Tj T* -0.0441 Tc -0.6848 Tw (and operating maintenance yards.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0691 Tc -0.7078 Tw (The role of a maintenance yard can vary from being the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0199 Tc -0.669 Tw (central location for road operations \(including adminis-) Tj T* -0.221 Tc -0.6964 Tw (tration functions\) to simply serving winter operations onl) Tj -1.2344 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj T* -0.0068 Tc -0.3021 Tw (The practices described in this chapter apply to both.) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0009 Tc 0.0622 Tw (This Synthesis of Best Practices includes:) Tj T* /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1709 Tc (planning;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0063 Tc 0.4775 Tw (site selection;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.026 Tc -0.4629 Tw (designing a functional facility;) Tj 237 369.36 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0 Tc -0.2486 Tw (salt storage;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0385 Tc -0.6903 Tw (site drainage;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0294 Tc -0.6994 Tw (site operation and maintenance;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1257 Tc (monitoring;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0593 Tc -0.7295 Tw (record keeping; and) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1524 Tc (training) Tj ET 0.0471 0.1765 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323.76 82.08 l 323.52 83.88 l 323.52 329.64 l 323.76 331.44 l 324.24 333.12 l 325.08 334.56 l 326.16 336 l 326.88 335.28 l 325.92 334.08 l 325.08 332.64 l 324.72 331.2 l 324.6 329.64 l 324.6 83.88 l 324.72 82.32 l 325.08 80.76 l 325.92 79.44 l 326.88 78.24 l 328.08 77.16 l 329.52 76.44 l 330.96 76.08 l 332.52 75.84 l 542.52 75.84 l 544.08 76.08 l 545.64 76.44 l 546.96 77.16 l 548.16 78.24 l 549.24 79.44 l 549.96 80.76 l 550.44 82.32 l 550.56 83.88 l 550.56 329.64 l 550.44 331.2 l 549.96 332.64 l 549.24 334.08 l 548.16 335.28 l 546.96 336.36 l 545.64 337.08 l 544.08 337.44 l 542.52 337.68 l 332.52 337.68 l 330.96 337.44 l 329.52 337.08 l 328.08 336.36 l 326.88 335.28 l 326.16 336 l f* 1 1 1 rg 321.12 339.96 m 322.44 341.04 l 323.88 341.76 l 325.32 342.24 l 327 342.36 l 537 342.36 l 538.68 342.24 l 540.12 341.76 l 541.56 341.04 l 542.76 339.96 l 543.84 338.64 l 544.68 337.32 l 545.04 335.76 l 545.28 334.08 l 545.28 88.32 l 545.04 86.76 l 544.68 85.2 l 543.84 83.88 l 542.76 82.56 l 541.56 81.48 l 540.12 80.76 l 538.68 80.28 l 537 80.16 l 327 80.16 l 325.32 80.28 l 323.88 80.76 l 322.44 81.48 l 321.12 82.56 l 320.16 83.88 l 319.32 85.2 l 318.96 86.76 l 318.72 88.32 l 318.72 334.08 l 318.96 335.76 l 319.32 337.32 l 320.16 338.64 l 321.12 339.96 l f* 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg 320.64 340.44 m 321.96 341.64 l 323.52 342.48 l 325.2 342.96 l 327 343.08 l 537 343.08 l 538.8 342.96 l 540.48 342.48 l 541.92 341.64 l 543.36 340.44 l 544.56 339.12 l 545.28 337.56 l 545.88 335.88 l 546 334.08 l 546 88.32 l 545.88 86.64 l 545.28 84.96 l 544.56 83.4 l 543.36 81.96 l 541.92 80.88 l 540.48 80.04 l 538.8 79.56 l 537 79.32 l 327 79.32 l 325.2 79.56 l 323.52 80.04 l 321.96 80.88 l 320.64 81.96 l 319.44 83.4 l 318.6 84.96 l 318.12 86.64 l 318 88.32 l 318 334.08 l 318.12 335.88 l 318.6 337.56 l 319.44 339.12 l 320.64 340.44 l 321.36 339.72 l 320.28 338.52 l 319.56 337.2 l 319.08 335.76 l 318.96 334.08 l 318.96 88.32 l 319.08 86.76 l 319.56 85.32 l 320.28 84 l 321.36 82.68 l 322.56 81.72 l 323.88 81 l 325.44 80.52 l 327 80.4 l 537 80.4 l 538.56 80.52 l 540 81 l 541.44 81.72 l 542.64 82.68 l 543.72 84 l 544.44 85.32 l 544.8 86.76 l 545.04 88.32 l 545.04 334.08 l 544.8 335.76 l 544.44 337.2 l 543.72 338.52 l 542.64 339.72 l 541.44 340.8 l 540 341.52 l 538.56 342 l 537 342.12 l 327 342.12 l 325.44 342 l 323.88 341.52 l 322.56 340.8 l 321.36 339.72 l 320.64 340.44 l f* BT 330 316.8 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.12 Tc (CONTENTS) Tj 0 -19.92 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1567 Tc (Introduction) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc (1) Tj -195 -16.92 TD -0.0226 Tc -0.6662 Tw (Relationship to Salt Management) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj -177 -17.04 TD 0.0396 Tc -0.5285 Tw (The ) Tj -0.0853 Tc -0.4036 Tw (Yard in Action) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj -177 -12 TD -0.0546 Tc -0.6742 Tw (Guiding Principles) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj -195 -17.04 TD -0.0036 Tc -0.5453 Tw (Salt Management Practices) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj -177 -16.92 TD -0.1643 Tc (Planning) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0178 Tc (3) Tj -177 -12 TD -0.022 Tc 0.1332 Tw (Site Selection) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj -177 -12 TD -0.2059 Tc (Design) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0178 Tc (4) Tj -177 -12 TD -0.1412 Tc (Operation/Maintenance) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0178 Tc (6) Tj -195 -17.04 TD -0.0287 Tc -0.6402 Tw (Salt Vulnerable Areas) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj -195 -17.04 TD -0.1613 Tc (Monitoring) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc (8) Tj -195 -16.92 TD -0.1296 Tc -0.7193 Tw (Record Keeping) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj -195 -17.04 TD -0.3269 Tc (Training) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc (9) Tj -195 -17.04 TD -0.0739 Tc -0.6549 Tw (Summary and Recommendations) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj -453.96 481.2 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.0043 Tc -0.4846 Tw (This is one in a series of Syntheses of Best Practices related to the effective management of road salt use in) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0042 Tc -0.099 Tw (winter maintenance operations. This Synthesis is provided as advice to road maintainers for consideration) Tj T* -0.0785 Tc -0.6927 Tw (when developing their own Salt Management Plan. The Synthesis is not intended to be used prescriptively but) Tj T* -0.0057 Tc -0.3106 Tw (is to be used in concert with the legislation, manuals, directives and procedures of individual road agencies.) Tj T* -0.0078 Tc 0.5008 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices have been produced on Salt Management Plans, ) Tj -0.6856 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj -0.0162 Tc 0.4874 Tw (raining, Road and Bridge) Tj T* 0.4181 Tc 1.373 Tw (Design, Drainage and Stormwater Management, Pavements and Salt Management, Vegetation) Tj T* -0.0168 Tc 0.5222 Tw (Management, Design and Operation of Road Maintenance ) Tj -0.0286 Tc 0.5397 Tw (Yards, Snow Storage and Disposal Sites and,) Tj T* -0.0172 Tc -0.3517 Tw (Winter Maintenance Equipment and ) Tj -0.0269 Tc -0.3419 Tw (Technologies. For more detailed information, please refer to ) Tj -0.1325 Tc -0.2364 Tw (TAC\222s Salt) Tj T* -0.0951 Tc -0.6738 Tw (Management Guide \226 1999.) Tj ET endstream endobj 9 0 obj 72869 endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font 20 0 R /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 8 0 R >> endobj 20 0 obj << /F0 6 0 R /F1 10 0 R /F2 12 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R /F5 18 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Length 23 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj 353.28 0 TD -0.1094 Tc -0.6994 Tw (7.0 DESIGN AND OPER) Tj -1.1911 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj -0.0386 Tc (TION) Tj -353.28 -12 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj 336.72 0 TD -0.1965 Tc -0.6123 Tw (OF ROAD MAINTENANCE ) Tj -0.396 Tc 0 Tw (YARDS) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 475.44 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 60 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 60 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 60 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 305.64 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 698.52 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (REL) Tj -0.0858 Tc -0.5502 Tw (ATIONSHIP TO SA) Tj -0.089 Tc -0.607 Tw (LT MANAGEMENT) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0674 Tc -0.6444 Tw (In general, maintenance yards are constructed for mul-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1622 Tc -0.6717 Tw (tiple purposes including the delivery of winter road main-) Tj T* -0.0581 Tc -0.7908 Tw (tenance services.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0041 Tc 0.1152 Tw (For winter operations, there is a strong need to focus) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.5334 Tw (on salt loss, whether in the form of salt dust, brine run-) Tj T* 0.0087 Tc 0.4624 Tw (off or simple wastage of road salts through improper) Tj T* -0.0127 Tc -0.6228 Tw (handling practices. Lost salt will dissolve and can infil-) Tj T* -0.0636 Tc -0.6653 Tw (trate into the soils below and adjacent to the site. Com-) Tj T* -0.1327 Tc -0.7012 Tw (ponents of road salt entering the groundwater can travel) Tj T* -0.1133 Tc -0.7013 Tw (great distances and affect wells, vegetation and surface) Tj T* -0.0041 Tc 0.5438 Tw (water where the groundwater emerges as springs or) Tj T* 0.0201 Tc -0.5089 Tw (discharges into streams.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0601 Tc -0.6555 Tw (There are cases where road authorities have had to re-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0035 Tc 0.7146 Tw (place salt impacted wells and the resultant corroded) Tj T* -0.0791 Tc -0.7297 Tw (appliances of affected homeowners.) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0029 Tc 0.1082 Tw (In addition, salt impacted runoff can affect vegetation) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1237 Tc -0.6802 Tw (and agricultural operations on, and adjacent to the yard.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.181 Tw (Good yard design and salt handling practices are es-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.013 Tc -0.4308 Tw (sential to preventing unnecessary salt loss and the re-) Tj T* -0.0376 Tc -0.6313 Tw (sultant environmental impacts.) Tj 0 -21.72 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0054 Tc 0.8483 Tw (The ) Tj -0.0648 Tc 0.9076 Tw (Yard In Action) Tj 0 -19.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0373 Tc -0.6915 Tw (The yard layout should be designed to be efficient in all) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0153 Tc -0.5486 Tw (activities. Considering the cycle of handling road salts) Tj T* -0.0954 Tc -0.7085 Tw (in the yard may reveal potential enhancements that can) Tj T* -0.1445 Tc -0.7177 Tw (be made to improve yard efficiency and reduce salt loss.) Tj 0 -20.76 TD -0.0131 Tc 1.0092 Tw (The typical salt handling cycle \(Figure 1\) flows from) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0246 Tc 0 Tw (deliver) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj -0.0068 Tc -0.3171 Tw (, to stockpiling, to loading on the spreader and) Tj T* -0.004 Tc -0.5929 Tw (then to exiting the yard. Upon return, the spreader off-) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0121 Tc -0.5797 Tw (loads unspent salt \(preferably indoors\), and the equip-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0364 Tc -0.6774 Tw (ment is then washed to remove remaining salt residue.) Tj 258 430.56 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.181 Tw (Each area affected by these activities can provide an) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1163 Tc -0.6726 Tw (opportunity for improvement.) Tj 0 -20.76 TD -0.1093 Tc 0 Tw (Typicall) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj -0.0086 Tc 0.2547 Tw (, a delivery transport trailer end dumps or off) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0275 Tc 0.1786 Tw (loads the salt via a longitudinal conveyo) Tj -0.0485 Tc 0.2196 Tw (r. Preferabl) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y,) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0368 Tc -0.6921 Tw (the storage facility has been designed and constructed) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0225 Tc 0.3408 Tw (to allow the salt to be unloaded directly inside. If un-) Tj T* -0.0097 Tc 0.7741 Tw (loaded outside, the salt must be reloaded into a pile) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.2204 Tc -0.6285 Tw (under cove) Tj -0.8228 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj 0 -18.72 TD -0.1674 Tc (Ideall) Tj -1.14 Tc (y) Tj -0.1369 Tc -0.7 Tw (, the salt should not be \223double handled.\224 In some) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0363 Tc -0.706 Tw (cases salt is blown into storage facilities using a closed) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0433 Tc 1.3678 Tw (pipe system to eliminate double handling. ) Tj 0.1087 Tc 0 Tw (Whether) Tj T* -0.0121 Tc -0.3911 Tw (mechanically piled or blown, each handling can cause) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0042 Tc -0.4447 Tw (particle breakdown, segregation and loss. ) Tj 0.0322 Tc -0.5211 Tw (While han-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0072 Tc 0.6823 Tw (dling can serve to break up any chunks that may be) Tj T* -0.0318 Tc -0.6838 Tw (present, the gradation will usually vary and this effort is) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0079 Tc -0.3343 Tw (inefficient. It also allows for a greater wind-blown loss) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0041 Tc 0.0634 Tw (of salt and the loss of salt fines that are remaining on) Tj T* -0.0404 Tc -0.7485 Tw (the outdoor surface.) Tj 0 -18.84 TD -0.0159 Tc -0.6958 Tw (Spreaders are usually loaded using a front-end loade) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0056 Tc 0.9155 Tw (Ramps at the yards were once common to facilitate) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.003 Tc 0.6091 Tw (loading by short loaders with small buckets. Ramps) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.1464 Tc -0.7025 Tw (are prone to tipping and spillage accidents. Larger load-) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.1419 Tw (ers and bucket sizes have increased the speed of the) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.2445 Tc -0.6844 Tw (operation, however spillage at the time of loading is made) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0149 Tc -0.222 Tw (worse by overloading. This spillage can occur either) Tj T* -0.0448 Tc -0.708 Tw (at the yard exit or before the spreader reaches the des-) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.2006 Tc -0.715 Tw (ignated location, and to the operator yielding to the temp-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0098 Tc -0.5091 Tw (tation of spreading the entire load rather than spinning) Tj T* 0.0013 Tc -0.6902 Tw (off a potential surplus.) Tj 0 -18.84 TD 0.0026 Tc 0.3636 Tw (Where liquid melting agents are used, spillage of liq-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0174 Tc -0.6943 Tw (uids can occur during production, delivery and transfer) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0231 Tc -0.7057 Tw (to spreaders.) Tj 0 -18.72 TD -0.019 Tc 1.2341 Tw (It is not always necessary to spread the full load of) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0651 Tc -0.6809 Tw (material. Operators should be instructed to spread only) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0116 Tc -0.6372 Tw (what is needed to achieve the prescribed level of serv-) Tj T* 0.0081 Tc -0.4798 Tw (ice. Unused materials must be returned and offloaded) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.003 Tc -0.0059 Tw (to the storage facilit) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj 0 -18.72 TD -0.0828 Tc -0.6804 Tw (To minimize corrosion, spreaders are often washed fol-) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0059 Tc -0.393 Tw (lowing a storm. The wash water is likely contaminated) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0234 Tc -0.6921 Tw (with dirt, oil, grease, and salt \(chlorides\). If not properly) Tj T* -0.0106 Tc -0.3583 Tw (handled, this wash water can harm groundwater qual-) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.03 Tc 0 Tw (it) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj 0.0062 Tc 0.482 Tw (, receiving streams, ponds and lakes and adjacent) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0796 Tc -0.6893 Tw (vegetation or agricultural operations.) Tj 0 -18.84 TD -0.0216 Tc -0.3473 Tw (To summarize, salt is lost to the environment in a vari-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0119 Tc 1.038 Tw (ety of ways during the salt handling process. 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Tj 0 -18.84 TD -0.0584 Tc -0.6705 Tw (When planning and designing road maintenance yards) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.1327 Tc -0.7012 Tw (salt vulnerable areas must be taken into account. These) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0842 Tc -0.7197 Tw (vulnerable areas should be avoided to the extent possi-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0037 Tc -0.7252 Tw (ble. Where they cannot be avoided, specific measures) Tj T* -0.0136 Tc -0.0703 Tw (should be included in the design to protect vulnerable) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.1131 Tc 0 Tw (areas.) Tj 0 -18.72 TD -0.0407 Tc -0.6882 Tw (Salt vulnerable areas could include:) Tj 0 -18.84 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0204 Tc 0.2365 Tw (areas draining into bodies of water with low dilu-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0037 Tc -0.4252 Tw (tion, low volume or salt sensitive species;) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0761 Tc -0.6871 Tw (areas adjacent to salt sensitive vegetation and ag-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0467 Tc -0.8022 Tw (ricultural operations;) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0713 Tc -0.6726 Tw (areas draining into a source of drinking water \(sur-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0888 Tc -0.7301 Tw (face water and groundwater\); and) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1875 Tc -0.7094 Tw (areas associated with groundwater recharge zones) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0085 Tc 0.3147 Tw (or shallow water table, with medium to high per-) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0121 Tc 0.8432 Tw (meability soils.) Tj -21 -16.68 TD -0.1178 Tc -0.6968 Tw (The assessment of alternative sites should consider the) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0286 Tc -0.666 Tw (potential chloride loadings to salt vulnerable areas and) Tj T* -0.0159 Tc -0.458 Tw (whether or not these loadings could have any adverse) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0336 Tc -0.6653 Tw (effects. Sites that have the potential to adversely affect) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0987 Tc -0.6702 Tw (vulnerable areas even after applying best management) Tj T* 0.0089 Tc -0.6778 Tw (practices should be eliminated from further considera-) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (tion.) Tj 0 -19.68 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf 0.1094 Tc (Design) Tj 0 -19.32 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.192 Tc -0.7168 Tw (Maintenance yards are multi-functional facilities. A main-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0201 Tc -0.2821 Tw (tenance yard can be an evolving design. All functions) Tj T* -0.0398 Tc -0.6591 Tw (conducted at the yard must be considered in designing) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0072 Tc -0.4683 Tw (the most suitable layout and features for the yard. The) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0261 Tc -0.6878 Tw (designers should consult with the people who will work) Tj T* -0.0281 Tc -0.1226 Tw (at the facility when laying out the flow of the yard. The) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.1044 Tc -0.6965 Tw (yard should be laid out to permit vehicles involved in the) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0158 Tc -0.3231 Tw (salt-cycle to move efficiently and safely about the site.) Tj T* -0.015 Tc -0.5939 Tw (The design should be flexible enough to allow the yard) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.1221 Tc -0.6868 Tw (to be expanded as service delivery areas increase, or to) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.1232 Tc 1.368 Tw (be retrofitted to satisfy the latest method or policy) Tj T* -0.1425 Tc 0 Tw (change.) Tj 0 -19.08 TD -0.0112 Tc 0.549 Tw (A yard which has ample size and access, and which) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0125 Tc -0.4164 Tw (has managed drainage is a facility which:) Tj 0 -20.76 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0327 Tc -0.6716 Tw (is safe to operate from;) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0095 Tc -0.3184 Tw (is cost effective to use;) Tj -21 -16.68 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0045 Tc 0.5866 Tw (facilitates the management of site drainage and) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.099 Tc -0.5699 Tw (vehicle wash water;) Tj -21 -16.68 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0207 Tc -0.7381 Tw (protects salt vulnerable areas; and) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0119 Tc -0.1769 Tw (generates limited liabilit) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj 237 620.76 TD 0.0027 Tc -0.3316 Tw (Practical considerations must include:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0077 Tc -0.1212 Tw (providing indoor storage for all salt and sand/salt) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1361 Tc -0.6442 Tw (blends, preferably large enough to allow indoor de-) Tj T* -0.0973 Tc -0.6716 Tw (livery and spreader loading;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0236 Tc -0.6538 Tw (noting the prevailing winter wind direction and po-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0423 Tc -0.6523 Tw (sitioning building and doors with regard to shelter-) Tj T* -0.0102 Tc 0.9613 Tw (ing loading operations, minimizing snow drifting) Tj T* -0.0663 Tc -0.7026 Tw (around doorways, and keeping precipitation out of) Tj T* -0.0062 Tc -0.6626 Tw (the storage areas;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0105 Tc 0.0531 Tw (providing proper lighting to help ensure safe and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0233 Tc -0.0256 Tw (accurate salt loading operations when visibility is) Tj T* -0.0108 Tc -0.4952 Tw (reduced during a storm event, especially at night;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1242 Tc -0.6646 Tw (properly spacing buildings and material storage fa-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.3013 Tc 1.3698 Tw (cilities \(e.g. liquid storage tanks\) in order to) Tj T* -0.0789 Tc -0.65 Tw (maneuver vehicles promptly and safely;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc -0.5506 Tw (properly locating the office building with a viewing) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0316 Tc -0.663 Tw (window suitable for observing the loading area \(to) Tj T* -0.1364 Tc -0.6975 Tw (confirm numbers of trucks, sizes of loads, and gen-) Tj T* -0.041 Tc -0.3278 Tw (eral yard activity\);) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0041 Tc -0.4848 Tw (constructing storage facilities on low permeability) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0062 Tc -0.4655 Tw (pads to limit infiltration of salt laden drainage;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0352 Tc -0.6537 Tw (constructing the loading pad of asphaltic concrete) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.007 Tc -0.3447 Tw (or other low permeability material at the entrance) Tj T* -0.0363 Tc -0.0325 Tw (of the facility;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0846 Tc -0.7043 Tw (directing drainage away from storage facilities and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0 Tc -0.6888 Tw (providing for the interception and management of) Tj T* -0.0166 Tc -0.6523 Tw (salt impacted drainage;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1497 Tc -0.6592 Tw (locating parking, fuelling and loading/ unloading ar-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0103 Tc -0.2986 Tw (eas as well as paved pathways to permit efficient) Tj T* -0.0251 Tc -0.7278 Tw (vehicle movements and limit backing operations;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0026 Tc 0.7937 Tw (locating catch basins properl) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.002 Tc 0.8331 Tw (, with hook-ups to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.191 Tc -0.6378 Tw (avoid directing salt-laden runoff through storm sew-) Tj T* -0.0064 Tc 0.5375 Tw (ers into salt vulnerable watercourses, or directly) Tj T* -0.0064 Tc -0.6225 Tw (into the ground through poorly sealed sumps;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0103 Tc 0.5614 Tw (identifying snow storage around the yard perim-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0172 Tc -0.6817 Tw (eter to lessen the impacts of salt-laden melt water) Tj T* -0.0202 Tc -0.6915 Tw (\(see the Snow Storage and Disposal Synthesis of) Tj T* 0.0031 Tc 0.048 Tw (Best Practices\); and) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.012 Tc 0.3974 Tw (locating the water well for the maintenance yard) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.2475 Tw (up-gradient to prevent it from being impacted by) Tj T* 0.002 Tc -0.7309 Tw (site operations.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1716 Tc 0 Tw (Storage) Tj 0 -20.76 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0009 Tc 1.0702 Tw (Solid salt stockpiles must not be exposed to rain or) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0082 Tc 0 Tw (sno) Tj -0.7111 Tc (w) Tj -0.0064 Tc -0.0475 Tw (. Dissolved salt does not \223disappear\224, but rather) Tj 0 -11.88 TD 0.0059 Tc 0.1053 Tw (enters the groundwater and creates problems offsite.) Tj ET endstream endobj 175 0 obj 18478 endobj 173 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 10 0 R /F2 12 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 174 0 R >> endobj 177 0 obj << /Length 178 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.1094 Tc -0.6994 Tw (7.0 DESIGN AND OPER) Tj -1.1911 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj -0.0386 Tc (TION) Tj 359.28 0 TD -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj -359.28 -12 TD -0.1965 Tc -0.6123 Tw (OF ROAD MAINTENANCE ) Tj -0.396 Tc 0 Tw (YARDS) Tj 377.28 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 494.4 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 304.68 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj -244.68 654.24 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc -0.457 Tw (Therefore, proper storage of salt and sand/salt blends) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0014 Tc -0.397 Tw (requires that they be covered to protect them from the) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0507 Tc 0 Tw (elements.) Tj 0 -18.72 TD -0.0124 Tc 0.0836 Tw (There are a variety of types of covers available. They) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0521 Tc -0.7068 Tw (range from temporary seasonal tarps to sheds, to large) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.001 Tc 1.0835 Tw (domes, barns or silos. Salt should never be stored) Tj T* -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (outside.) Tj 0 -18.84 TD 0.0087 Tc -0.3261 Tw (In some cases, sand/salt stockpiles have been stored) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.1055 Tc -0.6534 Tw (outside on low permeable asphalt or concrete pads and) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.2009 Tw (covered with tarps. ) Tj -0.0225 Tc 0.2296 Tw (Tarps are not recommended. It is) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0083 Tc 0.5727 Tw (very difficult to maintain tarps and keep the pile cov-) Tj T* -0.0038 Tc 0.7149 Tw (ered. ) Tj -0.0018 Tc 0.6615 Tw (Where they are used, tarping that has deterio-) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.1077 Tc -0.6812 Tw (rated must be repaired or replaced. ) Tj -0.0785 Tc -0.7104 Tw (Where covering the) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0107 Tc -0.4236 Tw (pile is not feasible, a system should be in place to pre-) Tj T* -0.0061 Tc -0.7228 Tw (vent salt loss and environmental impact.) Tj 0 -18.84 TD -0.0043 Tc 0.4904 Tw (Sand/salt blend should be stored in structures, or on) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.2213 Tc -0.6876 Tw (pads using containment. In British Columbia some yards) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0653 Tc -0.6515 Tw (are designed with a 12 mil plastic liner under sand piles) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0107 Tc -0.4481 Tw (to contain and collect drainage.) Tj 0 -19.08 TD -0.0993 Tc -0.7153 Tw (Structure designs range from the domes, to rectangular) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.001 Tc -0.3946 Tw (sheds or barns, to high arch structures, to elevated si-) Tj T* -0.0081 Tc -0.7208 Tw (los. Storage structures can be made of different mate-) Tj T* -0.0581 Tc -0.6708 Tw (rials including wood, steel, aluminum, fiberglass or fab-) Tj T* -0.0013 Tc 0.6825 Tw (ric. The trend is to enclose the base of the pile and) Tj T* -0.0627 Tc -0.6661 Tw (support the structure on a concrete wall, with or without) Tj T* -0.0138 Tc 0.7609 Tw (a footing. These walls need to be designed to with-) Tj T* -0.1838 Tc -0.6501 Tw (stand the strain of materials and loaders pushing against) Tj T* 0 Tc -0.393 Tw (them. They must also be free of gaps that would allow) Tj T* -0.0172 Tc -0.6817 Tw (salt or salt impacted drainage to escape. Some combi-) Tj T* -0.15 Tc -0.6749 Tw (nation of covers may also be possible, such as a canopy) Tj T* -0.0706 Tc -0.6801 Tw (attached to a dome, or adjacent to a tarped pile in order) Tj T* -0.0034 Tc -0.4637 Tw (to protect both the working face of the pile and to work) Tj T* -0.0477 Tc -0.7112 Tw (under cover from the elements.) Tj 0 -20.76 TD 0.0092 Tc -0.1531 Tw (The roof and exterior of the storage structures should) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0749 Tc -0.7225 Tw (be constructed of waterproof material such that precipi-) Tj T* -0.259 Tc -0.6799 Tw (tation and moisture are prevented from entering the build-) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.1139 Tc 0 Tw (ing.) Tj 0 -18.96 TD -0.005 Tc -0.1773 Tw (The quantity of material to be housed depends on ex-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0314 Tc -0.6975 Tw (pected needs, the reliability of the material source, and) Tj T* -0.023 Tc -0.0201 Tw (the delivery frequency possible during the winter sea-) Tj T* 0.0072 Tc -0.0911 Tw (son. The volume housed must include a contingency) Tj T* -0.0293 Tc 1.1365 Tw (quantity to ensure that the supply will not run out in) Tj T* 0.0183 Tc -0.6271 Tw (times of need.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0087 Tc -0.2745 Tw (Consideration should be given to the multiple function) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0044 Tc -0.6178 Tw (of storing sand with salt or other winter operations ma-) Tj T* 0.0097 Tc 0.3864 Tw (terials. Some structures provide a more efficient ca-) Tj T* -0.0318 Tc -0.6799 Tw (pacity than others depending on the intended methods) Tj T* -0.005 Tc -0.5821 Tw (of putting up the piles as well as in using the materials.) Tj 258 612.36 TD -0.0105 Tc -0.4956 Tw (Spillage during stockpiling and spreader loading is the) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0108 Tc 0.3003 Tw (main sources of salt loss. The extent, to which these) Tj T* -0.0847 Tc -0.6742 Tw (activities can be carried out under cover, minimizes salt) Tj T* -0.2473 Tc -0.653 Tw (loss. However, there are special considerations that have) Tj T* -0.0058 Tc 0.9119 Tw (to be taken into account when selecting the storage) Tj T* -0.0021 Tc -0.4718 Tw (facility design to permit indoor activities. The two most) Tj T* -0.1951 Tc -0.6538 Tw (significant ones are ventilation and door/roof clearances.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0098 Tc -0.4657 Tw (Even the door location and size is important. The door) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0911 Tc -0.6737 Tw (should be high enough to allow a transport trailer to end) Tj T* 0.0101 Tc 0.181 Tw (dump inside the structure. On rectangular structures,) Tj T* -0.1122 Tc -0.6567 Tw (end doors are advantageous.) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0009 Tc 0.6652 Tw (The entrance to the storage structure should have ) Tj 0.7022 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0178 Tc (doo) Tj -0.0148 Tc -0.0691 Tw (r, curtain or a sufficient overhang to minimize pre-) Tj T* -0.0066 Tc -0.4823 Tw (cipitation entering the structure.) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0016 Tc 0.2809 Tw (Where possible, the storage facility should be gener-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0131 Tc -0.6077 Tw (ally oriented such that the door is facing away from the) Tj T* -0.0178 Tc 0.729 Tw (prevailing winter wind direction. This will reduce the) Tj T* -0.0232 Tc -0.6657 Tw (amount of precipitation entering the structures. Opera-) Tj T* 0.013 Tc 0.5331 Tw (tional access and egress to the structures must also) Tj T* -0.0295 Tc -0.5194 Tw (be considered in entranceway layout.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0134 Tc -0.2715 Tw (As well, many road authorities like to have their salt at) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0057 Tc -0.2672 Tw (one end of the structure and their blended sand at the) Tj T* -0.0226 Tc -0.1303 Tw (other end with space to allow a pug mill and conveyor) Tj T* -0.0121 Tc -0.7167 Tw (for creating the blend. This configuration warrants side) Tj T* -0.0017 Tc -0.5472 Tw (doors to allow spreaders to drive through the structure) Tj T* -0.0233 Tc -0.7206 Tw (and be loaded with different materials from either end.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0686 Tc -0.6453 Tw (Good ventilation is required when vehicles will be oper-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0181 Tc -0.3507 Tw (ating inside.) Tj 0 -20.76 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.2448 Tw (The floor of the structure provides both the operating) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0044 Tc 0.5717 Tw (surface and the barrier to infiltration of salt impacted) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.132 Tc -0.6719 Tw (water into the ground. Since indoor operations will place) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0065 Tc 0.0446 Tw (significant stresses on the floo) Tj -0.0228 Tc 0.0859 Tw (r, the floor must be de-) Tj T* -0.0906 Tc -0.6383 Tw (signed properl) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0722 Tc -0.6909 Tw (. The floors of all structures should have) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0265 Tc -0.6852 Tw (low permeability and be constructed of quality strength) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0295 Tc -0.686 Tw (asphalt or concrete that is sloped away from the centre) Tj T* -0.0844 Tc -0.7044 Tw (of the storage area for drainage purposes. Both asphalt) Tj 0 -11.88 TD 0.0021 Tc -0.5938 Tw (and concrete are somewhat permeable and should be) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0055 Tc -0.4834 Tw (sealed to minimize infiltration.) Tj 0 -18.84 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.0135 Tw (In evaluating the costs of the various storage alterna-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0023 Tc 0.3355 Tw (tives, of special note is the comparison of the actual,) Tj T* 0.0244 Tc 1.3724 Tw (realistic in-use capacity that is expected in service,) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0086 Tc -0.3123 Tw (rather than simply the theoretical capacit) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj 0.0647 Tc -0.3536 Tw (. For exam-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0499 Tc -0.679 Tw (ple, a conical structure with a given design capacity will) Tj T* -0.0206 Tc 0.0384 Tw (be greatly underutilized if the material stored is in two) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0095 Tc 0.5206 Tw (piles, one on either side. Furthe) Tj -0.0344 Tc 0.5355 Tw (r, life cycle costs for) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0042 Tc -0.5171 Tw (repairs and intermittent refurbishing may demonstrate) Tj T* -0.008 Tc -0.6009 Tw (a less expensive net present value than that often pre-) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0613 Tc -0.6796 Tw (sumed from an initial low bid. This caveat is mentioned) Tj ET endstream endobj 178 0 obj 18353 endobj 176 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F2 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 177 0 R >> endobj 180 0 obj << /Length 181 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj 353.28 0 TD -0.1094 Tc -0.6994 Tw (7.0 DESIGN AND OPER) Tj -1.1911 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj -0.0386 Tc (TION) Tj -353.28 -12 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj 336.72 0 TD -0.1965 Tc -0.6123 Tw (OF ROAD MAINTENANCE ) Tj -0.396 Tc 0 Tw (YARDS) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 475.44 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 60 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 60 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 60 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 305.64 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 700.32 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0065 Tc -0.0423 Tw (to generate interest in what may be a more functional) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.2118 Tw (facility at an appropriate cost over the longer term. In) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0024 Tc -0.3131 Tw (other words, the added cost to build a more functional) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0113 Tc -0.409 Tw (facility can be recovered through the savings resulting) Tj T* -0.0701 Tc -0.7548 Tw (from having a more efficient operation.) Tj 0 -18.84 TD -0.0298 Tc -0.6991 Tw (Other considerations include:) Tj 0 -19.08 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0786 Tc -0.6503 Tw (adequate lighting;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0577 Tc -0.6712 Tw (ample ventilation, either powered or natural; and) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0382 Tc -0.7078 Tw (accommodations for the method of \223putting up the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.005 Tc -0.6895 Tw (pile\224 e.g. baffles for minimizing loss when blowing) Tj T* -0.0799 Tc -0.6489 Tw (in salt, adequate height for trailer dump or convey-) Tj T* 0.0029 Tc 0.0282 Tw (ors \(either permanent or portable\), protection for) Tj T* -0.0164 Tc -0.7125 Tw (the use of loaders or excavators, subsurface hop-) Tj T* 0.0226 Tc 0.2085 Tw (pers, etc.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0344 Tc -0.6944 Tw (Liquid Storage Facilities:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0832 Tc -0.6697 Tw (Designers should consult with local environmental) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1018 Tc -0.675 Tw (regulatory authorities regarding siting and contain-) Tj T* -0.012 Tc -0.6869 Tw (ment requirements for storage facilities.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.016 Tc -0.1472 Tw (The required storage capacity will depend on the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0122 Tc 0.5433 Tw (security of suppl) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0143 Tc 0.5254 Tw (, production/delivery times and) Tj T* 0.0108 Tc -0.6197 Tw (rate of use.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0195 Tc -0.3194 Tw (Storage capacity can be reduced by using an \223on) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0218 Tc -0.7507 Tw (demand\224 system.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.2504 Tc -0.7185 Tw (Where supplier-owned storage containers are used,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0033 Tc -0.6356 Tw (arrangements need to be made for the delivery of) Tj T* -0.0459 Tc -0.7001 Tw (full containers and removal of empties during yard) Tj T* -0.1156 Tc 0 Tw (operations.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.1843 Tc 1.3668 Tw (Supplier-owned storage containers should be) Tj 0 -12 TD -0 Tc 0.0426 Tw (treated the same as other brine storage contain-) Tj T* 0.0088 Tc 0.2223 Tw (ers \(i.e. protected from vehicle impacts and pro-) Tj T* -0.0553 Tc -0.6976 Tw (vided with spill containment were appropriate\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0087 Tc 0.7024 Tw (Where practical, secondary containment should) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0121 Tc 0.1232 Tw (be provided through double walled tanks or con-) Tj T* -0.0407 Tc 1.2318 Tw (tainment dykes. Typicall) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj 0.0023 Tc 1.1888 Tw (, containment capacity) Tj T* 0.0044 Tc -0.2533 Tw (is ) Tj -0.0157 Tc -0.2675 Tw (110-125% of the capacity of the largest tank.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1207 Tc -0.6939 Tw (Crash protection should be provided to prevent ve-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0073 Tc -0.3562 Tw (hicles from impacting the production and storage) Tj T* 0.0194 Tc 0 Tw (facilities.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0112 Tc -0.2548 Tw (Sufficient water supply is often a constraint when) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0244 Tc -0.7045 Tw (designing a brine production facilit) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0239 Tc -0.645 Tw (. The designer) Tj T* -0.0297 Tc -0.682 Tw (must ensure that sufficient water capacity is avail-) Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.1963 Tw (able to produce brine at the required rate for the) Tj T* -0.0987 Tc -0.7502 Tw (maintenance operation.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0036 Tc -0.3653 Tw (Water supply lines may need to be heat traced to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1031 Tc -0.7058 Tw (prevent them from freezing.) Tj 237 616.08 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0098 Tc -0.6391 Tw (The freeze point of the liquid being stored and the) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.1372 Tc -0.6717 Tw (lowest possible winter temperatures must be taken) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.515 Tw (into account when determining the need to heat) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0047 Tc -0.6042 Tw (the production and storage tanks and piping.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0294 Tc -0.7166 Tw (Emergency power supplies may be needed to en-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0176 Tc -0.4563 Tw (sure that liquid supplies are available in the event) Tj T* -0.071 Tc -0.7379 Tw (of a power failure.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0067 Tc 0.173 Tw (Designers must take into account the desired fill) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0038 Tc -0.2013 Tw (time for spreaders when selecting pump and line) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0077 Tc -0.5345 Tw (sizes. Pumps and lines that are too small will pro-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0085 Tc -0.2274 Tw (long the time it takes to refill onboard tanks.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0051 Tc 0.306 Tw (Production and storage tanks must be designed) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0137 Tc 0.5534 Tw (with a clean-out or flushing capability to remove) Tj T* 0.0089 Tc -0.2578 Tw (settled impurities.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0071 Tc 0.7782 Tw (Some liquids may require periodic circulation to) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0759 Tc -0.693 Tw (prevent settlement of impurities, additives or prod-) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0028 Tc -0.7261 Tw (uct separation.) Tj -21 -16.92 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0832 Tc -0.7656 Tw (Site Drainage:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0357 Tc -0.7382 Tw (The site should be graded to direct drainage away) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0154 Tc -0.6834 Tw (from the storage areas and to the extent possible,) Tj T* -0.0972 Tc -0.6488 Tw (away from any down gradient groundwater well lo-) Tj T* -0.0059 Tc -0.753 Tw (cations or salt vulnerable areas.) Tj -21 -17.76 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0071 Tc 0.1632 Tw (Snow plowed from the site should be directed to) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0154 Tc -0.0985 Tw (areas where the melt water will be directed away) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0642 Tc -0.6818 Tw (from groundwater wells, storage area and salt vul-) Tj T* -0.0966 Tc -0.7523 Tw (nerable areas.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0144 Tc -0.6944 Tw (Salt-laden water should be collected and properly) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.2035 Tw (managed. The water can either be used in brine) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0013 Tc 0.781 Tw (production or sent for disposal at sewage treat-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0028 Tc -0.726 Tw (ment facilities where permitted.) Tj -21 -17.52 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf 0.21 Tc 0 Tw (Operation/Maintenance) Tj 0 -19.32 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0109 Tc -0.118 Tw (In addition to proper design, good operating practices) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.05 Tc -0.6789 Tw (are important to minimizing material wastage and envi-) Tj T* 0.0029 Tc 0.9683 Tw (ronmental impacts. Road authorities must review all) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0048 Tc -0.7241 Tw (aspects of their operations \(deliver) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0165 Tc -0.6524 Tw (, storage, handing,) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0784 Tc -0.6676 Tw (site drainage, brine operations, vehicle washing etc.\) to) Tj T* -0.0035 Tc -0.0654 Tw (determine where salt loss is occurring and to develop) Tj 0 -11.88 TD 0.008 Tc -0.634 Tw (procedures to minimize or eliminate these losses. The) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0421 Tc -0.6868 Tw (following practices should be followed.) Tj 0 -19.08 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0179 Tc -0.711 Tw (Salt Handling:) Tj 0 -20.76 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0142 Tc 1.3141 Tw (Where practical to do so, spreaders should be) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0041 Tc -0.6288 Tw (loaded inside the storage structure. ) Tj 0.0411 Tc -0.65 Tw (Where inside) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0193 Tc -0.6753 Tw (loading is not possible, other systems are needed) Tj T* -0.0063 Tc -0.4311 Tw (to recover salt spills that occur during loading.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0111 Tc 1 Tw (When loading spreaders outside of the storage) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0018 Tc -0.045 Tw (structure, care should be taken to minimize spill-) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0125 Tc -0.4364 Tw (age of salt onto the loading pad.) Tj ET endstream endobj 181 0 obj 18698 endobj 179 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 10 0 R /F2 12 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 180 0 R >> endobj 184 0 obj << /Length 185 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.1094 Tc -0.6994 Tw (7.0 DESIGN AND OPER) Tj -1.1911 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj -0.0386 Tc (TION) Tj 359.28 0 TD -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj -359.28 -12 TD -0.1965 Tc -0.6123 Tw (OF ROAD MAINTENANCE ) Tj -0.396 Tc 0 Tw (YARDS) Tj 377.28 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 494.4 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 304.68 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj -244.68 654.24 TD 0 0 0 rg /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1835 Tc -0.6483 Tw (Overloaded spreaders are prone to spilling salt dur-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.132 Tc -0.6969 Tw (ing operations. Therefore, spreaders should not be) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.036 Tc -0.6529 Tw (loaded beyond their capacity and, where feasible,) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.1297 Tc -0.6742 Tw (should be covered with tarps when loaded with salt) Tj T* 0.0033 Tc -0.7322 Tw (or sand.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1089 Tc -0.7 Tw (When loading spreaders a maximum height above) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0074 Tc -0.5265 Tw (the grate should be approximately 30 cm to avoid) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0143 Tc 0.8918 Tw (lumps falling off into traffic and spillage. A rake) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0078 Tc -0.4667 Tw (down rack is often used.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0086 Tc -0.686 Tw (A primary source of salt entering the groundwater) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.1122 Tc -0.6833 Tw (is salt spillage that is either plowed or washed from) Tj T* -0.0084 Tc 0.1395 Tw (the maintenance yard. Care to minimize spillage) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0009 Tc 0.142 Tw (and practices to clean up spilled salt can reduce) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0144 Tc 1.4168 Tw (costly losses.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0145 Tc -0.2944 Tw (Stockpiles frequently have portions that have be-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.1406 Tc -0.7083 Tw (come frozen. These frozen blocks need to be prop-) Tj T* -0.2287 Tc -0.7102 Tw (erly managed and should not be placed into spread-) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0078 Tc -0.2717 Tw (ers. These blocks should be pushed into the cor-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0191 Tc -0.5231 Tw (ner of the storage facility and allowed to thaw and) Tj T* 0.0128 Tc 0 Tw (dr) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj -0.018 Tc -0.4442 Tw (. Once they have thawed and dried, the mate-) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.2216 Tw (rial should be broken up and reintroduced to the) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0293 Tc -0.6996 Tw (pile. ) Tj 0.0088 Tc -0.6976 Tw (Where brine production is ongoing, blocks of) Tj T* -0.0358 Tc -0.7064 Tw (pure salt can be put into the brine production tank.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1236 Tc -0.7102 Tw (Deliveries of salt should be arranged such that ma-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0118 Tc 0.1058 Tw (terial is placed within the covered storage facility) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0546 Tc 1.4485 Tw (as soon as possible upon deliver) Tj -0.9 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj 0.0397 Tc 1.4514 Tw (. Deliveries) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0448 Tc -0.6841 Tw (should be scheduled for periods of good weathe) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0846 Tc -0.6957 Tw (All deliveries should be covered when being trans-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0115 Tc -0.5674 Tw (ported to the maintenance yard.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0383 Tc -0.6505 Tw (Spreaders should be properly calibrated and peri-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0108 Tc -0.1421 Tw (odically checked to ensure continued calibration.) Tj T* -0.0193 Tc -0.2295 Tw (They should be recalibrated following any servic-) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0104 Tc -0.1665 Tw (ing of the salt delivery system.) Tj -21 -16.68 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0091 Tc 0.462 Tw (Some road authorities benchmark their beats to) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0043 Tc 1.3754 Tw (establish the amount of material that would be) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.1596 Tc -0.6722 Tw (placed under specified application rates. At the end) Tj T* 0.0133 Tc 1.1112 Tw (of a run, the total material placed can be com-) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0107 Tc 1.1654 Tw (pared to the benchmark to see if the projected) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.002 Tc 0.7092 Tw (amount was put down. If there is a discrepancy) Tj T* -0.0081 Tc -0.6487 Tw (than the reasons can be investigated.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0023 Tc 0.8677 Tw (Salt and sand/salt mixtures that are spilled out-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0031 Tc 0.4893 Tw (side of storage facilities or within, or adjacent to) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0102 Tc 1.1413 Tw (maintenance yards should be collected and re-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0085 Tc 0.1046 Tw (turned to the storage facility as soon as possible) Tj T* -0.0181 Tc -0.6708 Tw (following the completion of the storm event.) Tj -21 -16.56 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0605 Tc -0.7027 Tw (Spilled materials should be swept up and returned) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0082 Tc 0.6507 Tw (to the pile. Some yards use mechanical sweep-) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0192 Tc 0 Tw (ers.) Tj -21 -16.68 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.4365 Tw (Excess salt and sand remaining in the spreader) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.1139 Tc -0.69 Tw (following a storm should be returned to the storage) Tj 258 618.36 TD -0.0188 Tc -0.3501 Tw (facility and deposited within or as close to the en-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.1813 Tc -0.6826 Tw (trance of the salt storage facility as possible. ) Tj -0.0344 Tc 0 Tw (Where) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0067 Tc -0.7185 Tw (materials are off-loaded outside of the storage fa-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0204 Tc 0 Tw (cilit) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj -0.0097 Tc -0.1341 Tw (, they must be placed into the storage facility) Tj T* 0.0017 Tc -0.0906 Tw (as soon as possible.) Tj -21 -16.8 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0493 Tc -0.6796 Tw (Vehicle Washing:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0096 Tc -0.2565 Tw (Spreaders should be washed at a location where) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0193 Tc -0.6753 Tw (the wash water can be properly diluted, disposed,) Tj T* -0.0059 Tc -0.6887 Tw (or treated. Prior to washing, the spreaders should) Tj T* -0.0358 Tc -0.6931 Tw (be swept to remove as much of the residual solids) Tj T* -0.0064 Tc 0.3233 Tw (as possible and thereby minimize the amount of) Tj T* -0.0159 Tc -0.353 Tw (dissolved salt and solids in the wash wate) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.2393 Tc -0.6896 Tw (Where possible, vehicles should be washed indoors) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.011 Tc 0.8421 Tw (rather than outdoors to contain the wash wate) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj T* -0.0058 Tc -0.6888 Tw (Where only outdoor washing is possible, it should) Tj T* -0.0179 Tc 0.4291 Tw (be done where all wash water can be contained) Tj T* -0.0164 Tc -0.3181 Tw (and directed through positive drainage to a water) Tj T* -0.1477 Tc -0.7011 Tw (management system. It is preferable to direct wash) Tj T* -0.0147 Tc 0.0058 Tw (water to a storage facility where it can be reused) Tj T* 0.0043 Tc 0.3468 Tw (for brine production or sent for disposal. Careful) Tj T* -0.1852 Tc -0.7494 Tw (consideration must be given to the ultimate receiver) Tj T* -0.0149 Tc -0.674 Tw (of the wash wate) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.019 Tc -0.6756 Tw (All vehicle wash water should be directed through) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0307 Tc -0.6381 Tw (an oil/grit separato) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.013 Tc 0.4841 Tw (Sand/Salt Mixing:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0287 Tc -0.6852 Tw (Sand and salt mixtures should be mixed inside, or) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0061 Tc -0.5361 Tw (on low permeable pad located as close to the salt) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.5686 Tw (storage area as possible.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0178 Tc -0.4911 Tw (Mixing should be done during good weathe) Tj -0.09 Tc -0.3989 Tw (r. This) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0162 Tc -0.5327 Tw (will reduce salt loss due to precipitation and wind,) Tj T* 0.0054 Tc 0.8943 Tw (and minimize the moisture content of the sand/) Tj T* 0.0407 Tc 0.7904 Tw (salt mix.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0055 Tc 0.2923 Tw (Mixing should be done using a pug mill or some) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0027 Tc 1.1738 Tw (other method to achieve a homogeneous engi-) Tj T* 0.0188 Tc 1.3609 Tw (neered blend. This reduces the amount of salt) Tj T* -0.0508 Tc -0.6581 Tw (needed to prevent freezing of the pile.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0607 Tc -0.6832 Tw (Sand should be as dry as possible, thereby reduc-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0847 Tc -0.6592 Tw (ing the amount of salt required to prevent freezing.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0012 Tc -0.3434 Tw (After the sand and salt have been mixed, the mix) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0187 Tc -0.7235 Tw (should be loaded into a storage facility as soon as) Tj T* -0.0016 Tc -0.0073 Tw (possible. The mixing area should then be swept) Tj T* -0.0213 Tc -0.6733 Tw (and the sweepings returned to the storage facilit) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0014 Tc -0.3702 Tw (Road authorities that purchase pre-mixed should) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1591 Tc -0.6898 Tw (check deliveries to validate that the percentage mix) Tj T* 0.0071 Tc 0.744 Tw (is as specified. ) Tj -0.0442 Tc 0.8153 Tw (Too high a percentage of salt is) Tj T* -0.0137 Tc 0.4098 Tw (wasteful and too low a percentage may result in) Tj T* -0.0212 Tc -0.7077 Tw (the pile freezing.) 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EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 60 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 60 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 305.64 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 700.08 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0215 Tc -0.7074 Tw (Salt Brine Production & Storage:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.113 Tc -0.7118 Tw (Where regulations permit, consideration should be) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0166 Tc 0.0827 Tw (given to using wash water or salt laden drainage) Tj T* -0.0795 Tc -0.6493 Tw (water for brine production.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0169 Tc -0.4125 Tw (Where possible, clumps of salt or wet salt can be) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0111 Tc -0.1006 Tw (placed into the brine production plant rather than) Tj T* -0.0035 Tc -0.0568 Tw (placing this material in the salt storage facilit) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0208 Tc 0.8103 Tw (Where salt brine storage tanks are used, these) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0038 Tc 0.0949 Tw (tanks should be placed above ground, protected) Tj T* -0.0871 Tc -0.6418 Tw (from potential impacts by vehicles and periodically) Tj T* -0.1889 Tc -0.66 Tw (inspected for leaks. Secondary containment should) Tj T* -0.0822 Tc -0.6734 Tw (be provided where a tank failure could result in en-) Tj T* -0.2623 Tc -0.7066 Tw (vironmental damage. Containment may be provided) Tj T* -0.0781 Tc -0.7107 Tw (by double-walled tanks or dyking systems. Provin-) Tj T* -0.0145 Tc 1.1056 Tw (cial regulatory agencies should be consulted to) Tj T* -0.0046 Tc -0.3403 Tw (determine the containment and handling require-) Tj T* 0.0383 Tc 0 Tw (ments.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0087 Tc 1.2224 Tw (Periodic inspection of tanks, pumps and pipes/) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0083 Tc -0.6606 Tw (hoses should be carried out and any leaks should) Tj T* -0.0418 Tc -0.6871 Tw (be repaired immediatel) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0086 Tc 0.1398 Tw (Brine production and storage facilities may need) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1949 Tc -0.6883 Tw (to be flushed periodically to remove sediments. The) Tj T* 0.0043 Tc -0.0332 Tw (materials produced from this flushing activity are) Tj T* -0.0278 Tc -0.7278 Tw (mostly sand and gravel and can be mixed with the) Tj T* -0.1281 Tc -0.7208 Tw (abrasive pile.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0114 Tc -0.3575 Tw (Solid Material Storage Facilities) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0127 Tc 0.0084 Tw (Any roof leaks, tears, or damage should be tem-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0194 Tc 0.5762 Tw (porarily repaired during winter to reduce the en-) Tj T* -0.0435 Tc -0.6854 Tw (trance of precipitation, with permanent repairs be-) Tj T* -0.0045 Tc 0.0106 Tw (ing completed prior to the next winter season. At) Tj T* -0.0062 Tc 0.2973 Tw (no time should leaks be allowed to persist when) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.6684 Tw (materials are being stored inside.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0718 Tc -0.6913 Tw (The floors should be inspected annually for cracks) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0946 Tc -0.7143 Tw (and repaired/resealed as required.) Tj -21 -19.56 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.006 Tc 0 Tw (SA) Tj -0.06 Tc -0.576 Tw (LT VULNERABLE AREAS) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0294 Tc 0.3462 Tw (To the extent possible, maintenance yards should be) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.01 Tc -0.1703 Tw (planned and located away from salt vulnerable areas.) Tj T* -0.0012 Tc -0.5877 Tw (This requires sufficient investigations of potential sites) Tj T* -0.0083 Tc -0.5206 Tw (to identify salt vulnerable areas and to factor them into) Tj T* -0.0071 Tc -0.1217 Tw (the site evaluation process. ) Tj 0.017 Tc -0.1459 Tw (Where salt vulnerable ar-) Tj T* -0.011 Tc -0.7179 Tw (eas cannot be avoided, special design measures must) Tj T* 0.0107 Tc -0.3796 Tw (be taken to prevent salt impacts.) Tj 258 559.8 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.264 Tc 0 Tw (MONITORING) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.7771 Tw (It is important to understand how much salt is being) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0302 Tc -0.7137 Tw (used, where it is going and the resultant environmental) Tj T* -0.0243 Tc -0.7046 Tw (impacts. Monitoring will aid in the determination of the) Tj T* 0.0103 Tc 0.1008 Tw (extent of the impacts and effectiveness of the mitiga-) Tj T* -0.0532 Tc -0.6414 Tw (tion measures taken. Most activities should be focused) Tj T* 0.0022 Tc 1.2689 Tw (on preventing, minimizing or mitigating the impacts.) Tj T* -0.0148 Tc -0.7141 Tw (Attachment 1 provides a checklist for monitoring main-) Tj T* -0.015 Tc -0.1482 Tw (tenance yards. In addition monitoring may include the) Tj T* -0.1913 Tc 0 Tw (following:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0865 Tc -0.7023 Tw (Baseline condition \(benchmarking\) of site and sur-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0137 Tc -0.5746 Tw (rounding area for future monitoring comparisons.) Tj T* -0.0407 Tc -0.7182 Tw (For new facilities this should be completed prior to) Tj T* 0.0097 Tc -0.3786 Tw (the site being commissioned.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1946 Tc -0.6993 Tw (The amount of material used during the year should) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0268 Tc -0.7021 Tw (be monitored and reconciled at year-end.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.008 Tc -0.4669 Tw (The use of weigh-in-motion \() Tj 0.5578 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj 0.0078 Tc -0.4567 Tw (IM\) sensors at the) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0056 Tc 0.2256 Tw (entrance and exit to the site to confirm recorded) Tj T* 0.0211 Tc -0.43 Tw (amounts and track dispatches.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.5578 Tc (W) Tj -0.0213 Tc -0.3176 Tw (IM would work well in conjunction with a loader) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0027 Tc 0.7084 Tw (scale sensor so the operator is in control of the) Tj T* 0.0036 Tc -0.6982 Tw (load and his good judgment can be confirmed.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0045 Tc -0.3733 Tw (Road authorities should also monitor compliance) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0237 Tc -0.6652 Tw (with good housekeeping policies.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1159 Tc -0.6473 Tw (Providing for an activity code in maintenance man-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0823 Tc -0.7185 Tw (agement systems specifically for yard housekeep-) Tj T* -0 Tc 0.5016 Tw (ing to maintain a focus on this important activity) Tj T* -0.0118 Tc -0.6931 Tw (and not unnecessarily burden other activities.) Tj -21 -19.56 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.096 Tc -0.72 Tw (RECORD KEEPING) Tj 0 -19.92 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0685 Tc -0.729 Tw (The performance measures that should be tracked and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0708 Tc -0.658 Tw (monitored include:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1587 Tc -0.6702 Tw (Percentage of sand/salt blends stored under cove) Tj -0.7028 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0349 Tc -0.694 Tw (Percentage of salt stored under cove) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0061 Tc 1.3173 Tw (Percentage of storage sites with collection and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0748 Tc -0.6541 Tw (treatment of washwater and drainage.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0431 Tc -0.6858 Tw (Inspection and repair records.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.7409 Tw (Stockpiling records.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0008 Tc -0.7041 Tw (Quality control records for brine concentrations.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0031 Tc 0.4503 Tw (Levels of environmental indicators \(e.g. chloride) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2229 Tc 0 Tw (levels\).) 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EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 304.68 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj -244.68 652.44 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.3645 Tc (TRAINING) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0039 Tc -0.3136 Tw (Training should focus on ensuring that those handling) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0211 Tc -0.6718 Tw (salt at the yard minimize the potential to waste salt and) Tj T* 0.0022 Tc 0.5889 Tw (impact the environment. Prior to each winter all staff) Tj T* -0.0102 Tc 0.8242 Tw (that are handling winter sand and deicing chemicals) Tj T* -0.0999 Tc -0.6804 Tw (should receive training. The training program should fo-) Tj T* -0.1218 Tc -0.687 Tw (cus on the following learning goals with respect to main-) Tj T* -0.0122 Tc -0.4767 Tw (tenance yards:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.2007 Tc -0.6996 Tw (Understand that all salt and sand/salt blends should) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0047 Tc -0.2776 Tw (be covered to minimize salt loss.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1023 Tc -0.678 Tw (Understand that salt spillage is wasteful and harm-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0539 Tc -0.675 Tw (ful to the environment.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0092 Tc -0.2637 Tw (Understand the salt-handling activities that result) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0011 Tc -0.6421 Tw (in wasteful releases of salt to the environment.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.1756 Tc 1.3456 Tw (Understand how these salt-handling activities) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0091 Tc 0.3002 Tw (should be carried out to prevent the wasteful re-) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.6326 Tw (lease of salt to the environment.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.202 Tc -0.6468 Tw (Understand the maintenance yard salt cleanup pro-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.003 Tc -0.6119 Tw (cedures that must be followed.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0137 Tc -0.3952 Tw (Understand that timely yard maintenance and re-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0 Tc -0.0484 Tw (pairs are necessary to control salt loss.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0937 Tc -0.6951 Tw (Understand the importance of proper record keep-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0312 Tc -0.6977 Tw (ing and how to complete the required documenta-) Tj T* -0.0119 Tc -0.317 Tw (tion on yard maintenance and salt use.) Tj 237 330.36 TD -0.0089 Tc 1.1485 Tw (Training should be carried out through the following) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0507 Tc 0 Tw (methods:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1073 Tc -0.7416 Tw (Pre-winter briefings;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0762 Tc -0.6827 Tw (Observation and corrective action; and) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0696 Tc -0.6593 Tw (Informal briefings during the season.) Tj -21 -19.56 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.0888 Tc 0 Tw (SUMMA) Tj -0.1294 Tc -0.5666 Tw (RY AND RECOMMEND) Tj -0.216 Tc 0 Tw (ATIONS) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1582 Tc -0.6906 Tw (Most winter operators have an intuitive understanding of) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0111 Tc 0.7222 Tw (what works well in a maintenance yard setting. The) Tj T* 0.1647 Tc 1.3864 Tw (practitioner\222s advice should be sought in planning) Tj T* -0.0075 Tc 0.8119 Tw (changes to facilities or in designing new ones. This) Tj T* -0.0426 Tc -0.6663 Tw (consultation can also provide a complementary benefit) Tj T* -0.0565 Tc -0.7024 Tw (of having the workers better understand why the facility) Tj T* -0.0152 Tc 0.5627 Tw (is constructed the way it is and how it is expected to) Tj T* -0.0191 Tc -0.6858 Tw (meet the needs of the winter service to be delivered. In) Tj T* -0.0121 Tc -0.5818 Tw (designing a new maintenance yard or designing a ma-) Tj T* -0.0074 Tc -0.2815 Tw (jor refurbishing of an existing yard, many of the above) Tj T* -0.0024 Tc -0.1265 Tw (ideas are worthy of consideration. Information is also) Tj T* -0.0473 Tc -0.6516 Tw (available from the Salt Institute and from storage struc-) Tj T* -0.0589 Tc -0.64 Tw (ture suppliers for further guidance.) 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