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Chad Day provided unremitting support with the details of the project ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0205 Tc 0.0205 Tw (structure. St) Tj 60 0 TD -0.0203 Tc 0.0739 Tw (eve Litke complimented Chad\222s forte perfectly, by looking at the big picture, and by ) Tj -60 -21 TD -0.0734 Tc 0.3546 Tw (sharing his vast experience and knowledge. Thanks also go to Brian McMullen of MELP who ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0531 Tc 0.3031 Tw (scrutinized the legislative discussion. And thanks to Andrew Doi, whose editing a) Tj 395.25 0 TD -0.0765 Tc 0.4515 Tw (bilities made ) Tj -395.25 -21 TD -0.0765 Tc 0.3265 Tw (this paper a much more pleasant read.) Tj 180.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -180.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0936 Tc 0.4465 Tw (Finally, I would like to thank everyone at REM who opened my eyes to the world beyond ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0335 Tc 0 Tw (engineering.) 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Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (............) Tj 27 0 TD 0.375 Tc (11) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -457.5 -23.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (2.1) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.204 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.1497 Tc 0.3372 Tw (HAT IS FLOODING) Tj 68.25 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.171 Tc 0 Tw (?) Tj 6 0 TD -0.1875 Tc (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (....................) Tj 46.5 0 TD -0.375 Tc (11) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.1059 Tc -0.2934 Tw (2.1.1 Flood Plains) Tj 76.5 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD 0.375 Tc (11) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD -0.0574 Tc -0.1301 Tw (2.1.2 Floods) Tj 51.75 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (...........) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (13) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.1101 Tc 0.2024 Tw (2.1.3 Flood Damage Reduction) Tj 132.75 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (.......) Tj 15.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (13) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -457.5 -17.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (2.2) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.171 Tc 0 Tw (F) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.0849 Tc 0.1026 Tw (LOOD ) Tj 25.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.2895 Tc 0 Tw (D) Tj 6.75 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.1989 Tc 0.3864 Tw (AMAGE ) Tj 31.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.2468 Tc 0 Tw (R) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.1134 Tc -0.4491 Tw (EDUCTION ) Tj 43.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0.1448 Tc -0.3323 Tw ( A S) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0833 Tc -0.4792 Tw (TRUCTURAL ) Tj 51 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.2895 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 6.75 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0784 Tc (PPROACH) Tj 36.75 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tc (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (.................) Tj 39.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc (14) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.1108 Tc 0.2642 Tw (2.2.1 Increased Flood Damage Risk) Tj 150.75 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (...............................) Tj 69.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (15) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.0525 Tc 0.01 Tw (2.2.2 Increase in Long) Tj 93.75 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.1899 Tc -0.3774 Tw (term Cost) Tj 44.25 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (...) Tj 6.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (19) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.0488 Tc 0.5137 Tw (2.2.3 Environmental Degradation) Tj 144 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (..) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.375 Tc (20) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -457.5 -17.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (2.3) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.171 Tc 0 Tw (F) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.0849 Tc 0.1026 Tw (LOOD ) Tj 25.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.2895 Tc 0 Tw (D) Tj 6.75 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.1989 Tc 0.3864 Tw (AMAGE ) Tj 31.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.2468 Tc 0 Tw (R) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.1134 Tc -0.4491 Tw (EDUCTION ) Tj 43.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0.0855 Tc -0.273 Tw ( A N) Tj 18.75 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0756 Tc 0.2631 Tw (ATURAL ) Tj 34.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.2895 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 6.75 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.0287 Tc (PPROACH) Tj 37.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tc (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (.......................) Tj 53.25 0 TD -0.375 Tc (25) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.14 Tc -0.14 Tw (2.3.1 Decreased Flood Damage Risk) Tj 153 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (..............................) Tj 67.5 0 TD 0.375 Tc (29) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.0446 Tc 0.1429 Tw (2.3.2 Decreased Long) Tj 90.75 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.2837 Tc -0.4712 Tw (term Cost) Tj 43.5 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (.....) Tj 11.25 0 TD 0.375 Tc (30) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.0705 Tc 0.117 Tw (2.3.3 Environmental Benefits) Tj 123.75 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (...........) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (32) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.0974 Tc -0.2849 Tw (2.3.4 Additional Benefits) Tj 105.75 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (...................) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (33) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -467.25 -23.25 TD 0.125 Tc 0.0625 Tw (CHAPTER 3: IMPLEMENT) Tj 124.5 0 TD 0.2297 Tc -0.0422 Tw (ING NATURAL APPROACH) Tj 130.5 0 TD 0.1022 Tc -0.0397 Tw (ES: POLICY OPTIONS A) Tj 114 0 TD 0.0138 Tc -0.2013 Tw (ND OBSTACLES) Tj 78.75 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (....) Tj 9 0 TD 0.375 Tc (37) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -457.5 -23.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (3.1) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.171 Tc 0 Tw (P) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0.1283 Tw (OLICY ) Tj 27.75 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.2895 Tc 0 Tw (O) Tj 6.75 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0948 Tc (BSTACLES) Tj 39.75 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tc (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (......................) Tj 51 0 TD -0.375 Tc (37) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.0715 Tc 0.241 Tw (3.1.1 High Flood Plain Land Values Resulting from Historic Development) Tj 315 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (......................) Tj 49.5 0 TD 0.375 Tc (37) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.1359 Tc -0.2162 Tw (3.1.2 Private Property Rights Versus Common Property Resources) Tj 285.75 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (...) Tj 6.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (38) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.0632 Tc -0.2506 Tw (3.1.3 Inter) Tj 43.5 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0987 Tc 0.4638 Tw (Jurisdictional Complexity) Tj 113.25 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (...........................) Tj 60.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (39) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.0892 Tc -0.2767 Tw (3.1.4 Responsibility) Tj 83.25 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (.............................) Tj 65.25 0 TD 0.375 Tc (40) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 7.5 0 TD 0.1224 Tc -0.0287 Tw (1.5 Lack of Information $Publics, Policy Makers and Researchers$) Tj 282.75 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (.) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0.375 Tc (41) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 23 0 obj 15455 endobj 24 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 25 0 R >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Length 26 0 R >> stream BT 311.25 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0.3322 Tc 0 Tw (vi) Tj 7.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -208.5 666.75 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.1353 Tc -0.1353 Tw (3.1.6 Current Decision Analysis Frameworks) Tj 193.5 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (............) Tj 27 0 TD 0.375 Tc (43) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.1145 Tc -0.302 Tw (3.1.7 Social Costs) Tj 74.25 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (.) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0.375 Tc (43) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.0436 Tc 0.1439 Tw (3.1.8 Difficulty of Policy Mak) Tj 124.5 0 TD 0.1122 Tc 0.4503 Tw (ing Under Uncertainty) Tj 98.25 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (...............................) Tj 69.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (44) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -457.5 -17.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (3.2) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.171 Tc 0 Tw (P) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0.1283 Tw (OLICY ) Tj 27 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.2895 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.5 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.1737 Tc (LTERNATIVES) Tj 55.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tc (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (...............) Tj 35.25 0 TD -0.375 Tc (45) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.0643 Tc 0.2482 Tw (3.2.1 Technical Tool ) Tj 87.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0.0329 Tc 0.2796 Tw ( Flood Plain Mapping) Tj 93.75 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (...............) Tj 33.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (47) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.0561 Tc 0.1314 Tw (3.2.2 Policy Objectives) Tj 96.75 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (.......................) Tj 51.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (48) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.1168 Tc -0.3043 Tw (3.2.3 Polic) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0.0384 Tc 0.5241 Tw (y Instruments) Tj 60 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (....................) Tj 45 0 TD 0.375 Tc (49) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.0418 Tc -0.2293 Tw (3.2.4 Policy Paradigms) Tj 99 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (......................) Tj 49.5 0 TD 0.375 Tc (54) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.11 Tc -0.2975 Tw (3.2.5 Best Practices) Tj 83.25 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (.............................) Tj 65.25 0 TD 0.375 Tc (57) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -457.5 -17.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (3.3) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD 0.2468 Tc 0 Tw (C) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0497 Tc (ONCLUSIONS) Tj 51 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tc (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 73.5 0 TD -0.375 Tc (63) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -467.25 -23.25 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.1053 Tc -0.0428 Tw (CHAPTER 4: FLOOD PLA) Tj 120 0 TD 0.1072 Tc 0.2053 Tw (IN LEGISLATION AND P) Tj 116.25 0 TD 0.3579 Tc 0 Tw (OLICY) Tj 33.75 0 TD -0.1875 Tc (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (...................) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (65) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -457.5 -23.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (4.1) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.171 Tc 0 Tw (F) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.048 Tc -0.5145 Tw (EDERAL ) Tj 34.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.171 Tc 0 Tw (F) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.1026 Tc 0.2901 Tw (LOOD ) Tj 24.75 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.171 Tc 0 Tw (P) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.1342 Tc -0.4283 Tw (OLICY AND ) Tj 45.75 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.2468 Tc 0 Tw (R) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0447 Tc (EGULATION) Tj 47.25 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tc (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (............) Tj 28.5 0 TD -0.375 Tc (66) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.1366 Tc -0.1741 Tw (4.1.1 Additional Federal Policies for Non) Tj 173.25 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0721 Tc 0.1154 Tw (Structural Flood Control) Tj 109.5 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (...) Tj 6.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (68) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -457.5 -17.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (4.2) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.171 Tc 0 Tw (P) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0407 Tc 0.2282 Tw (ROVINCIAL ) Tj 47.25 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.171 Tc 0 Tw (F) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.1026 Tc 0.2901 Tw (LOOD ) Tj 24.75 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.171 Tc 0 Tw (P) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.2279 Tc 0.4154 Tw (OLICY AND ) Tj 45.75 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.2468 Tc 0 Tw (R) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0447 Tc (EGULATION) Tj 48 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tc (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (......) Tj 15 0 TD -0.375 Tc (70) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.1173 Tc -0.3048 Tw (4.2.1 Additional Provincial Policies for Non) Tj 184.5 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.038 Tc 0.5245 Tw (Structural Flood Control) Tj 109.5 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (..............................) Tj 67.5 0 TD 0.375 Tc (71) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -447 -17.25 TD 0.0706 Tc 0.1919 Tw (4.2.2 Municipal Flood Policy and Regulation) Tj 191.25 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (.............) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0.375 Tc (75) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -457.5 -17.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (4.3) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.171 Tc 0 Tw (P) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0407 Tc 0.2282 Tw (ROVINCIAL ) Tj 47.25 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.0428 Tc 0 Tw (L) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0864 Tc 0.2739 Tw (EGISLATIVE ) Tj 49.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.2468 Tc 0 Tw (B) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.093 Tc -0.4695 Tw (ARRIERS TO ) Tj 48.75 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.2895 Tc 0 Tw (N) Tj 6.75 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.0435 Tc (ON) Tj 12 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.2467 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.171 Tc (S) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0833 Tc 0.2708 Tw (TRUCTURAL ) Tj 51 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.171 Tc 0 Tw (F) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.1026 Tc 0.2901 Tw (LOOD ) Tj 24.75 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.2468 Tc 0 Tw (C) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0756 Tc (ONTROL) Tj 33 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tc (................................) Tj 72 0 TD (................) 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Tj 24.75 0 TD 0.375 Tc (46) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -467.25 -17.25 TD 0.1194 Tc -0.3069 Tw (Figure 5) Tj 35.25 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.2016 Tc -0.3891 Tw (1: Summary of conclusions\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205\205 ..88) Tj 429 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 35 0 obj 3157 endobj 36 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 28 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 37 0 R >> endobj 37 0 obj << /Length 38 0 R >> stream BT 311.25 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0.3322 Tc 0 Tw (ix) Tj 6.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -82.5 663 TD /F0 14.25 Tf -0.1224 Tc 0.3099 Tw (LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS) Tj 177 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -88.5 -15.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -16.5 TD ( ) Tj -234 -14.25 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw (ALR) Tj 24 0 TD ( ) Tj 12 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1182 Tc 0.8682 Tw (Agricultural Land Reserve) Tj 127.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -199.5 -21 TD -0.0645 Tc 0.0645 Tw (B.C. ) Tj 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( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0268 Tc 0.5268 Tw (Federal Emergency Management Agency) Tj 198.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -270.75 -20.25 TD -0.3135 Tc (MELP) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0591 Tc 0.3591 Tw (Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks) Tj 204.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -276.75 -21 TD 0.0615 Tc (NFIP) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0192 Tc 0.2692 Tw (National Flood Insurance Program) Tj 165.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -237.75 -20.25 TD 0.22 Tc (OCP) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0252 Tc 0.0252 Tw (Official Community Pla) Tj 116.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 5.25 0 TD ( ) Tj -193.5 -21 TD -0.28 Tc (ORP) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0381 Tc -0.0381 Tw (Official Regional Plan) Tj 107.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -179.25 -21 TD -0.392 Tc (PEP) Tj 21 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 15 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0215 Tc 0.3965 Tw (Provincial Emergency Program) Tj 150.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -222.75 -20.25 TD 0.164 Tc 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The same rivers that provide clean water, fertile soils and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.033 Tc 0.283 Tw (transportation routes, on occasion deluge flood plain dwellers. For nearly as long as human h) Tj 449.25 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.052 Tw (ave ) Tj -449.25 -21 TD -0.0896 Tc 0.5115 Tw (settled the flood plain, engineers have been trying to hold back flood waters using various forms ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.042 Tc 0.2185 Tw (of dikes, levees and dams with varying degrees of success. A Chinese engineer, Yu, is credited ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1005 Tc 0.4414 Tw (with the design of the first flood control works on the Hw) Tj 276.75 0 TD -0.083 Tc 0.3643 Tw (ang Ho River in China during the third ) Tj -276.75 -20.25 TD -0.0758 Tc 0.3972 Tw (century B.C.. However, despite his and future engineers\222 efforts, more than seven million ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0679 Tc 0.3679 Tw (Chinese have been killed by the Hwang Ho\222s flood waters since 1887 $United States Public ) Tj T* -0.0514 Tc 0.2014 Tw (Broadcasting Service n.d.a.$. Flood ) Tj 174.75 0 TD -0.0563 Tc 0.4313 Tw (catastrophes afflict countries worldwide and Canada has had ) Tj -174.75 -20.25 TD -0.0298 Tc 0.118 Tw (its share of damaging floods in recent times. In the spring of 1997, Manitoba\222s Red River ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.036 Tc 0.1967 Tw (surpassed its banks and threatened downtown Winnipeg, and in 1996 the Saguenay River flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.018 Tc 0.357 Tw (waters in Qu) Tj 60.75 0 TD -0.078 Tc 0 Tw (\351) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc (b) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0573 Tc 0.4323 Tw (ec left thousands homeless $CNN 1996$. ) Tj 198 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -270 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -31.5 TD /F2 11.25 Tf -0.0975 Tc 0.285 Tw (The Fraser River) Tj 76.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -76.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0765 Tc 0.4515 Tw (In British Columbia, the Lower Fraser Valley in particular, flooding is an equally important ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0644 Tc 0.3456 Tw (issue. The Fraser is a living, dynamic river, approximately 1200 kilometres long, which drains a ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.026 Tc 0 Tw (catchm) Tj 33.75 0 TD -0.0301 Tc 0.0983 Tw (ent of close to 234 000 square kilometres, as seen in ) Tj 253.5 0 TD 0.028 Tc 0 Tw (Figure) Tj 31.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 3 0 TD (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0812 Tc 0.2312 Tw (. The Lower Fraser ) Tj -338.25 -21 TD -0.0768 Tc 0.3581 Tw (Valley comprises the lowland area near the mouth of the Fraser River, stretching from Hope in ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0883 Tc 0.4098 Tw (the east to the Strait of Georgia in) Tj 161.25 0 TD -0.1162 Tc 0.4912 Tw ( the west. At Hope, the Fraser River is 5 m above sea level and ) Tj -161.25 -21 TD -0.0339 Tc 0.2839 Tw (has an average discharge of 2730 m) Tj 171 5.25 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.5 -5.25 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0708 Tc 0.3015 Tw (/s. 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The first known dike along the Fraser River was ) Tj ET endstream endobj 51 0 obj 4742 endobj 52 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 53 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 54 0 R >> endobj 53 0 obj << /Kids [ 52 0 R 56 0 R 59 0 R 62 0 R 65 0 R 68 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 420 0 R >> endobj 54 0 obj << /Length 55 0 R >> stream BT 312.75 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -227.25 664.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0555 Tc 0.3055 Tw (constructed in 1864 on Lulu Island, what is today Richmond $McMullen 1999$. Further dikes ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0698 Tc 0.3345 Tw (were built along the length of the Fraser River in an effort to protect valuable crops and ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0273 Tc 0.4023 Tw (settlements from spr) Tj 98.25 0 TD -0.1836 Tc 0.9336 Tw (ing floods.) Tj 50.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -148.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0568 Tc 0.3849 Tw (The largest recorded flood on the Fraser River occurred in 1894, when discharges of 17 600 m) Tj 453 5.25 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.5 -5.25 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.252 Tc 0.252 Tw (/s ) Tj -457.5 -21 TD -0.0578 Tc 0.2578 Tw (were recorded at Hope. The damages were severe; dikes were breached and overtopped along ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0951 Tc 0.3678 Tw (the length of the Lower Fraser River. Those residing in ) Tj 270 0 TD -0.084 Tc 0.5126 Tw (the flood plain were forced to evacuate ) Tj -270 -20.25 TD -0.0677 Tc 0.3045 Tw (to Vancouver. As a result of the flood, the Canadian Pacific Railway line was closed for 41 days. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0367 Tc 0.2098 Tw (The estimated damage to railway properties alone approached $1 million 1894 dollars. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0551 Tc 0.2426 Tw (Additionally, much of the Frase) Tj 152.25 0 TD -0.0358 Tc 0.2403 Tw (r Valley could not support crops that season because fields were ) Tj -152.25 -21 TD -0.0315 Tc 0.085 Tw (covered with silt and debris deposited by the flood $McMullen 1999 and Fraser Basin ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0667 Tc 0.3345 Tw (Management Board 1994$. Clearly, this was a major social and economic disaster for the region.) Tj 462.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -462.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.093 Tc 0.093 Tw (Following t) Tj 55.5 0 TD -0.0586 Tc 0.3086 Tw (he 1894 Fraser River flood, it was recognised that a better flood control system was ) Tj -55.5 -20.25 TD -0.0632 Tc 0.3279 Tw (necessary to keep the residents of the Fraser Valley safe. Although the need for action was ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0776 Tc 0.8276 Tw (recognised, no long) Tj 93.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0482 Tc 0.2357 Tw (lasting policy strategy was established.) Tj 186 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -285 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1652 Tc 0.6652 Tw (Over the next fi) Tj 75 0 TD -0.0849 Tc 0.4131 Tw (fty years, the population of the region had grown by more than 1000 per cent to ) Tj -75 -21 TD -0.0784 Tc 0.4314 Tw (over half a million residents, such that when the next major flood occurred in 1948, thousands of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0609 Tc 0.2752 Tw (businesses and homes were deluged. 20 000 hectares of the Fraser Valley were ) Tj 384.75 0 TD -0.0558 Tc 0.0558 Tw (under water, 16 ) Tj -384.75 -21 TD -0.0391 Tc 0.1797 Tw (000 people were evacuated, and thousands of homes were destroyed. The economic cost of the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0234 Tc 0.1172 Tw (1948 flood was estimated at $17.5 million in 1948 dollars $Wynn and Oke 1992; The Fraser ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0697 Tc 0.5697 Tw (Basin Management Board 1994$.) Tj 159 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -159 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.014 Tc 0.2015 Tw (Following the 1948 Fraser Ri) Tj 141 0 TD 0.0155 Tc 0.1095 Tw (ver flood a series of joint Federal) Tj 159 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0223 Tc 0.0223 Tw (Provincial boards were convened ) Tj -304.5 -21 TD -0.08 Tc 0.455 Tw (to study issues related to flooding in the region, culminating in the establishment of the Fraser ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0409 Tc 0.2016 Tw (River Board. Its mandate was to rebuild existing dikes, construct new dikes and determine) Tj 435.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -435.75 -20.25 TD -0.0587 Tc 0.2931 Tw (which additional flood control measures would be suitable for the region. In 1968 the board ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.049 Tc 0.2633 Tw (initiated the Fraser River Flood Control Program who between their conception and 1994 spent ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0529 Tc 0.1892 Tw ($300 million $in 1994 dollars$ of Federal and Provincial money on dik) Tj 337.5 0 TD 0.0085 Tc -0.0085 Tw (es, drainage structures and ) Tj -337.5 -21 TD -0.0376 Tc 0.2107 Tw (erosion protection along the Lower Fraser River. During the mandate of the program, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.051 Tc 0.2652 Tw (controversial flood control measures such the damming of the Fraser north of Lillooet were ) Tj ET endstream endobj 55 0 obj 4538 endobj 56 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 53 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 57 0 R >> endobj 57 0 obj << /Length 58 0 R >> stream BT 312.75 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -227.25 664.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0406 Tc 0.2549 Tw (discussed and discarded due to the negative environme) Tj 264 0 TD -0.1052 Tc 0.3552 Tw (ntal impacts to the valuable salmon ) Tj -264 -21 TD -0.1071 Tc 0 Tw (stocks.) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -32.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0526 Tc 0.3205 Tw (From the 1940\222s to the 1970\222s, the flood management community, championed by University of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0259 Tc 0.1509 Tw (Chicago professor, Gilbert White, was examining alternatives to structural flood control $White ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0195 Tc 0.207 Tw (1961$. In the Lower Fras) Tj 119.25 0 TD -0.0913 Tc 0.5686 Tw (er Valley, structural measures alone were no longer adequate to protect ) Tj -119.25 -21 TD -0.0413 Tc 0.2413 Tw (communities. Various small efforts were made to regulate development on the flood plain. The ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0264 Tc 0.1202 Tw (Lower Mainland\222s 1966 Official Regional Plan delineated the 200) Tj 317.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.059 Tc 0.2465 Tw (year flood plain, and ) Tj -321.75 -21 TD -0.165 Tc 0 Tw (esta) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0827 Tc 0.5648 Tw (blished that it should not be used for urban development, except where historical settlements ) Tj -18 -20.25 TD -0.0625 Tc 0.4086 Tw (already existed. Nevertheless, these Urban Exempt Areas experienced rapid growth over the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0628 Tc 0.3441 Tw (second half of the century $Fraser Basin Council n.d.$.) Tj 260.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -260.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1911 Tc 0.9411 Tw (Further measur) Tj 72 0 TD -0.0362 Tc 0.1969 Tw (es to restrict growth on the flood plain included Section 82 of the 1979 ) Tj 342.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0633 Tc -0.0633 Tw (Land Title ) Tj -414.75 -21 TD -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0469 Tc 0.1969 Tw (, requiring that officers of the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks $MELP$ consent to ) Tj -16.5 -20.25 TD -0.03 Tc 0.1664 Tw (subdivision developments on the flood plain. MELP subsequently created a ) Tj 368.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.056 Tc 0 Tw (Flo) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.0111 Tc -0.0111 Tw (odplain ) Tj -384.75 -21 TD 0.0305 Tc -0.0305 Tw (Development Control Program) Tj 150.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0895 Tc 0.2941 Tw (. Although, it did not generally prohibit development of new ) Tj -150.75 -21 TD -0.0754 Tc 0.4845 Tw (subdivisions in flood plains, it did require that the developments be flood) Tj 351 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.03 Tc -0.345 Tw (proofed $McMullen ) Tj -355.5 -20.25 TD -0.041 Tc 0 Tw (2000$.) Tj 30.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -30.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0718 Tc 0.1968 Tw (Over the same time period the ) Tj 147 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0056 Tc 0.0056 Tw (Canada Water Act) Tj 90 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.016 Tc 0.016 Tw ( $1970$ cre) Tj 52.5 0 TD -0.073 Tc 0.373 Tw (ated an opportunity for joint ) Tj -289.5 -21 TD 0.0168 Tc 0 Tw (Provincial) Tj 48 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0278 Tc 0.2528 Tw (Federal water resources planning and structural project construction. Through the ) Tj -52.5 -21 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0022 Tc 0.0022 Tw (National Flood Damage Reduction Program) Tj 215.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1035 Tc 0.1035 Tw (, the ) Tj 23.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.069 Tc 0.444 Tw (, provided support for floodplain mapping ) Tj -255 -20.25 TD -0.0763 Tc 0.4513 Tw (projects, discouraging development in vulne) Tj 212.25 0 TD -0.045 Tc 0.295 Tw (rable areas. However, B.C. insisted on using this ) Tj -212.25 -21 TD -0.0973 Tc 0.5064 Tw (funding for structural works. B.C. did not participate in the ) Tj 288.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0834 Tc 0.6459 Tw (\222s floodplain mapping initiative ) Tj -305.25 -20.25 TD -0.0877 Tc 0.4211 Tw (until 1987. To date, 545 maps have been completed in the province, yet the Lower Fraser River ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0582 Tc 0.0582 Tw (flood plain) Tj 51.75 0 TD -0.0404 Tc 0.2404 Tw ( has not been well covered $Booth and Quinn 1995$. Under this initiative, both ) Tj -51.75 -21 TD -0.0598 Tc 0.3812 Tw (Provincial and Federal governments agreed not to invest money in public buildings within the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0419 Tc 0.3828 Tw (designated flood plains. Furthermore, the governments agreed to provide no financi) Tj 403.5 0 TD 0.029 Tc -0.029 Tw (al assistance ) Tj -403.5 -21 TD -0.0545 Tc 0.2751 Tw (to owners of flood damaged buildings that were built on the flood plain after designation and if ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0484 Tc 0.2984 Tw (the buildings were not flood proofed to Provincial standards $Day 1999; Peters 2000$.) Tj 411.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -411.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 58 0 obj 4898 endobj 59 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 53 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 60 0 R >> endobj 60 0 obj << /Length 61 0 R >> stream BT 312.75 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -227.25 664.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1067 Tc 0.5233 Tw (Despite the movement to implement land use planning and zo) Tj 297 0 TD -0.0883 Tc 0.3383 Tw (ning as effective tools for flood ) Tj -297 -21 TD -0.0501 Tc 0.3386 Tw (damage control, flood control efforts along the Lower Fraser Basin are predominantly structural ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0259 Tc 0.0654 Tw (in nature. Presently, 600 km of dikes, 400 floodboxes and 100 pumps protect over 50 per cent of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0025 Tc 0.2525 Tw (the Lower Mainland population) Tj 151.5 0 TD -0.0342 Tc 0.2842 Tw ( $B.C. MELP n.d.a.$.) Tj 100.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -252 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0974 Tc 0.514 Tw (There are currently 2 million residents in the lower mainland, and it is projected that there will be ) Tj T* -0.0602 Tc 0.2946 Tw (an additional million in the next 20 years $British Columbia Stats 2000$. All these people ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1142 Tc 0.4892 Tw (require living space; space that is cons) Tj 184.5 0 TD -0.0507 Tc 0.2757 Tw (trained by the mountainous nature of the region and puts ) Tj -184.5 -21 TD -0.0596 Tc 0.3323 Tw (tremendous development pressure on the valley floor, the Fraser River\222s flood plain.) Tj 405 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -405 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0656 Tc 0.387 Tw (The existence of Urban Exempt Areas has allowed for continued development in historical flood ) Tj T* -0.0441 Tc 0.0441 Tw (plain settlements, ) Tj 86.25 0 TD -0.0769 Tc 0.423 Tw (thus necessitating the building of more structural flood control works. This in ) Tj -86.25 -20.25 TD -0.0661 Tc 0.3661 Tw (turn attracts further developments to the flood plains that will require flood protection. Dr. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0539 Tc 0.3266 Tw (Jeffrey Mant calls this cycle \223serial engineering\224 $Friends of the River n.d.$.) Tj 365.25 0 TD -0.044 Tc 0.2315 Tw ( Structural flood ) Tj -365.25 -20.25 TD -0.0451 Tc 0.2451 Tw (works are expensive and require continued maintenance to be effective. In addition, if the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.062 Tc 0.3505 Tw (structural works fail, economic losses are great. There is currently approximately $13 billion ) Tj T* -0.0644 Tc 0.3457 Tw (worth of investment on the Lower Fraser Valley flo) Tj 247.5 0 TD -0.0562 Tc 0.3062 Tw (od plains $Fraser Basin Management Board ) Tj -247.5 -20.25 TD -0.0732 Tc 0.31 Tw (1994$. It is estimated that if a flood of 1894 proportions were to occur today, $1.8 billion of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0824 Tc 0.4824 Tw (direct flood damage would result. However, this figure does not include many indirect damages ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.0054 Tc 0.1821 Tw (such as health costs an) Tj 108 0 TD -0.0862 Tc 0.4076 Tw (d lost business time. Additionally, it is widely thought that the figure if ) Tj -108 -21 TD -0.055 Tc 0.3228 Tw ($1.8 billion significantly underestimates the true cost of damage that would be incurred. This ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0537 Tc 0.2787 Tw (situation indicates the spiralling costs associated with structural flood control wo) Tj 387.75 0 TD -0.1129 Tc 0.1129 Tw (rks, as shown ) Tj -387.75 -20.25 TD -0.1403 Tc 0.1403 Tw (graphically in ) Tj 68.25 0 TD 0.028 Tc -0.028 Tw (Figure ) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (2) Tj 6 0 TD (.) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -122.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 61 0 obj 3465 endobj 62 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 53 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 63 0 R >> endobj 63 0 obj << /Length 64 0 R >> stream BT 312.75 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 181.5 589.5 72 44.25 re f BT 189 621 TD 0 0 0 rg 0.1143 Tc 0 Tw (Construction) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1294 Tc -0.3169 Tw (of structural) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.108 Tc 0.4545 Tw (flood control) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 284.25 652.5 71.25 59.25 re f BT 291.75 699 TD 0 0 0 rg 0.1666 Tc -0.3541 Tw (Reduction in) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1224 Tc 0 Tw (perceived) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.2052 Tc (vulnerability) Tj T* 0.151 Tc 0.0365 Tw (to flood loss) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 395.25 585 72 47.25 re f BT 402.75 619.5 TD 0 0 0 rg 0.0998 Tc 0 Tw (Increased) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.0418 Tc (floodplain) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.1256 Tc (development) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 284.25 510 71.25 58.5 re f BT 291.75 555 TD 0 0 0 rg 0.0998 Tc (Increased) Tj 0 -10.5 TD 0.2052 Tc (vulnerability) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.017 Tc 0.5795 Tw (of floodplain) Tj T* 0.1256 Tc 0 Tw (development) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 284.25 582 81.75 54.75 re f BT 291.75 624 TD 0 0 0 rg 0.0857 Tc 0.4768 Tw (Spiralling costs) Tj 0 -11.25 TD -0.193 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.2249 Tc (environmental) Tj T* 0.1109 Tc (degradation) Tj ET 0.75 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 0.502 0.502 0.502 rg 415.5 650.25 m 414.75 656.25 l 411 661.5 l 406.5 666.75 l 399.75 671.25 l 392.25 674.25 l 383.25 677.25 l 372.75 678.75 l 362.25 679.5 l 360.75 679.5 l 360.75 690 l 362.25 690 l 376.5 689.25 l 390 687 l 402.75 683.25 l 413.25 678 l 422.25 672 l 428.25 665.25 l 432.75 658.5 l 434.25 654.75 l 434.25 650.25 l 453 650.25 l 425.25 635.25 l 397.5 650.25 l 415.5 650.25 l b* 259.5 667.5 m 253.5 666.75 l 247.5 664.5 l 242.25 661.5 l 237 657.75 l 233.25 652.5 l 230.25 647.25 l 228.75 640.5 l 228 634.5 l 211.5 633.75 l 211.5 634.5 l 212.25 644.25 l 215.25 654.75 l 219.75 662.25 l 225.75 670.5 l 232.5 676.5 l 240.75 681.75 l 249.75 684.75 l 259.5 685.5 l 259.5 698.25 l 280.5 676.5 l 259.5 654.75 l 259.5 667.5 l b* 229.5 573.75 m 231 567.75 l 234 561.75 l 239.25 557.25 l 246 552.75 l 253.5 549 l 261.75 546 l 271.5 544.5 l 282 543.75 l 282 531 l 267.75 531.75 l 254.25 534 l 242.25 538.5 l 231 543 l 222 549.75 l 215.25 557.25 l 210.75 564.75 l 208.5 573.75 l 190.5 573 l 218.25 591 l 248.25 574.5 l 229.5 573.75 l b* 375 547.5 m 383.25 548.25 l 391.5 549.75 l 398.25 553.5 l 404.25 557.25 l 409.5 561.75 l 413.25 567.75 l 415.5 573.75 l 416.25 580.5 l 416.25 581.25 l 433.5 582 l 433.5 580.5 l 432 571.5 l 429 562.5 l 423.75 555 l 416.25 548.25 l 408 542.25 l 397.5 538.5 l 387 535.5 l 375 534.75 l 375 522.75 l 351.75 540.75 l 375 559.5 l 375 547.5 l b* 1.5 w 162 492.75 324 244.5 re S BT 486 492.75 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj -304.5 -21.75 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.0214 Tc -0.2089 Tw (Figure ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.2467 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.375 Tc (2) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0.0962 Tc -0.0694 Tw (: Spiralling costs associated with structural flood control) Tj 240.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -375.75 -18.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.114 Tc 0.3015 Tw (The development of the Lo) Tj 130.5 0 TD -0.0533 Tc 0.3866 Tw (wer Fraser Valley has significantly affected the natural hydrological ) Tj -130.5 -21 TD -0.0601 Tc 0.3601 Tw (regime. Development has increased the surface runoff after precipitation events as a result of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0374 Tc 0.2624 Tw (replacing permeable ground cover with impermeable surfaces. Additionally, straightening a) Tj 443.25 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0.375 Tw (nd ) Tj -443.25 -21 TD -0.0544 Tc 0.275 Tw (smoothing of water channels for flood control has the effect of reducing the duration of a flood, ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0639 Tc 0.3451 Tw (but increasing the peak, the maximum volume of water flowing down a channel. This increases ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0807 Tc 0.4557 Tw (the damage that occurs in a flood. Furthermore, structural fl) Tj 289.5 0 TD -0.0706 Tc 0.4456 Tw (ood control measures have ) Tj -289.5 -21 TD -0.0282 Tc 0.1436 Tw (detrimental environmental effects. For example, the construction of dikes, levees, and dams ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.165 Tc 0.915 Tw (change in) Tj 45 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0187 Tc 0.1437 Tw (stream and riparian habitat, creating wildlife concerns.) Tj 261.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -311.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0457 Tc 0.4207 Tw (In the United States, structural flood control measures have not been) Tj 328.5 0 TD -0.0322 Tc 0.1822 Tw ( successful at reducing flood ) Tj -328.5 -21 TD -0.0602 Tc 0.3415 Tw (damage. In fact, flood damage is on the rise despite the continued expenditure on structural flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0778 Tc 0.4528 Tw (control $Hunt 1999$. In the Lower Fraser Valley, structural flood damage reduction measures ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0283 Tc 0.0283 Tw (have primarily been a reaction to ) Tj 161.25 0 TD -0.0368 Tc 0.2243 Tw (flooding events. The structures, however, are creating ) Tj -161.25 -21 TD -0.0327 Tc 0.2058 Tw (problems, both economically and environmentally. Although they have been effective to date, it ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0614 Tc 0.3261 Tw (is argued that without some changes, a future \223Fraser River flood could be a natural disaster of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.06 Tc 0 Tw (unpreced) Tj 43.5 0 TD -0.0598 Tc 0.4348 Tw (ented proportion in Canada\224 $Fraser Basin Council n.d.$. This statement illustrates the ) Tj -43.5 -21 TD -0.0773 Tc 0.4273 Tw (need for some lateral thinking regarding flood control in B.C., and possibly a move towards ) Tj ET endstream endobj 64 0 obj 5617 endobj 65 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 53 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 66 0 R >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Length 67 0 R >> stream BT 312.75 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -227.25 664.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0586 Tc 0.3313 Tw (natural flood control. There is a need to replace reactive structural approa) Tj 351.75 0 TD -0.0184 Tc 0.2059 Tw (ches to flood damage ) Tj -351.75 -21 TD -0.0723 Tc 0.4814 Tw (reduction with proactive measures, such as natural approaches to flood damage reduction.) Tj 431.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -431.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -31.5 TD /F2 11.25 Tf -0.161 Tc 0.3485 Tw (A Natural Approach to Flood Damage Reduction) Tj 218.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -218.25 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0778 Tc 0.3867 Tw (The goal of a natural approach to flood damage reduction is getting the landscape to store as ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1035 Tc -0.6465 Tw (much ) Tj 29.25 0 TD -0.0347 Tc 0.2014 Tw (water as possible by returning flood plains to their pre) Tj 259.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0854 Tc 0.4604 Tw (development state, so that water is ) Tj -293.25 -20.25 TD -0.075 Tc 0.3397 Tw (gradually released back into streams and rivers. Thus the flood peak is reduced, and the duration ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0495 Tc 0.2995 Tw (lengthened, when compared to the engineered approach. There are) Tj 321.75 0 TD -0.055 Tc 0.355 Tw ( numerous advantages to this ) Tj -321.75 -20.25 TD -0.0407 Tc 0.3407 Tw (approach to flood control, including reduced flood and damage risk, long) Tj 351 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0979 Tc 0.0979 Tw (term economic gain ) Tj -355.5 -21 TD -0.0396 Tc 0.2271 Tw (and environmental benefits $Hunt 1997$.) Tj 195 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -195 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0443 Tc 0.3905 Tw (Hydrologically, restoring wetlands to their natural state is an extremely effective tool for f) Tj 432.75 0 TD -0.2715 Tc 0.2715 Tw (lood ) Tj -432.75 -21 TD -0.0512 Tc 0.3191 Tw (damage reduction. However, it requires the procurement of large areas of economically valuable ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0539 Tc 0.2745 Tw (riparian land to be successful. The acquisition of this land requires policy tools supported by the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0204 Tc 0.1276 Tw (local political and social climate. In Canada, governm) Tj 258 0 TD -0.0069 Tc 0.3819 Tw (ent policy has not actively promoted non) Tj 196.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -454.5 -21 TD -0.074 Tc 0.374 Tw (structural approaches to flood damage reduction $Day 1999$. ) Tj 300.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -300.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0726 Tc 0.5413 Tw (Although, there are numerous reasons to adopt a non) Tj 252.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0532 Tc 0.2675 Tw (structural approach to flood control in the ) Tj -257.25 -20.25 TD -0.1104 Tc 0.5604 Tw (Lower Fraser Valley, at this time it is unclear how thi) Tj 256.5 0 TD -0.0602 Tc 0.2102 Tw (s could be achieved. There is a need to ) Tj -256.5 -21 TD -0.0705 Tc 0.3919 Tw (research policy options and implications and to assess which policies would be the most ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0586 Tc 0.3086 Tw (appropriate to move B.C. from a reactive dependence on structures and emergency measures to a ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0273 Tc 0.4023 Tw (proactive approach to flood damag) Tj 166.5 0 TD -0.1047 Tc 0.8547 Tw (e reduction.) Tj 57 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -223.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc (1.2) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD -0.0074 Tc -0.3286 Tw (Project Objectives) Tj 104.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -140.25 -16.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0653 Tc 0.3301 Tw (The aim of this research project is to examine the suitability of integrating a natural approach to ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0668 Tc 0.3168 Tw (flood damage reduction in the Lower Fraser Valley, B.C. into existing structural policies. A ) Tj T* -0.041 Tc 0.041 Tw (variety of policy options ar) Tj 129 0 TD -0.0584 Tc 0.3993 Tw (e examined to establish which policies would be most effective in ) Tj -129 -20.25 TD -0.0563 Tc 0.3563 Tw (promoting a natural approach to flood damage reduction in B.C.. ) Tj 314.25 0 TD -0.097 Tc 0.097 Tw (Figure ) Tj 33.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (3) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0568 Tc 0.0568 Tw ( summarizes the ) Tj -364.5 -21 TD -0.0624 Tc 0.5312 Tw (project, where the question mark indicates the various pol) Tj 277.5 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0.1471 Tw (icy options and legislation that can be ) Tj -277.5 -20.25 TD -0.0821 Tc 0.4282 Tw (used to achieve a move from structural to natural approaches to flood damage reduction.) 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Tj 3 0 TD 0.375 Tc (3) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0.109 Tc 0.132 Tw (: Structural and natural flood damage reduction options.) 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Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.1145 Tc 0.677 Tw (What is natural flood control?) Tj 143.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -161.25 -21 TD (2.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0781 Tc 0.4115 Tw (What flood policy is currently in place in British Columbia?) Tj 288 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -306 -21 TD (3.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.065 Tc 0.315 Tw (What policy options are available to achieve natural flood control?) Tj 319.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -337.5 -20.25 TD (4.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.2265 Tc 0.2265 Tw (How c) Tj 30.75 0 TD -0.0589 Tc 0.4339 Tw (an natural flood control be achieved in British Columbia?) Tj 276.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -343.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc (1.4) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD -0.0544 Tc -0.2816 Tw (Project Methods) Tj 93 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -129 -16.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0568 Tc 0.2876 Tw (The development of this research project involved the use of varying methods over two) Tj 419.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -419.25 -21 TD -0.0633 Tc 0.3517 Tw (principal stages. The first stage involved a review of relevant literature pertaining to the) Tj 420.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -420.75 -21 TD -0.336 Tc (t) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0475 Tc 0.2819 Tw (opics addressed by the project. The project\222s methods in the second stage involved a complete ) Tj -3 -20.25 TD -0.0278 Tc 0.3005 Tw (analysis of Federal, Provincial and Municipal legislation as it pertains to non) Tj 368.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1074 Tc -0.6426 Tw (structural ) Tj -372.75 -21 TD -0.1405 Tc 0.8905 Tw (adjustments to flooding.) 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/Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 93 0 R >> endobj 93 0 obj << /Length 94 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0795 Tc 0.4009 Tw (Generally, the channel capacity is great enough to carry the flow of water, although ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.005 Tc 0.255 Tw (during certain weather even) Tj 133.5 0 TD -0.0456 Tc 0.1706 Tw (ts excess water will spread out onto adjacent flood plains. In ) Tj -133.5 -20.25 TD -0.0802 Tc 0.3718 Tw (a natural system, this water remains on the flood plain for a short time where it plays a ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0876 Tc 0.4034 Tw (vital role in the natural cycle. Many of these roles are discussed later in this chapter. The ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1164 Tc 0.1164 Tw (flood ) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.0758 Tc 0.4039 Tw (water will recede when the capacity in the system is great enough to carry it away. ) Tj 399 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -426.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (2.1.2) Tj 27 0 TD -0.002 Tc -0.334 Tw ( Floods) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -66 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0803 Tc 0.3615 Tw (\223A flood is any relatively high flow that overtops the natural or artificial banks in any ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0814 Tc 0.3492 Tw (reach of a stream\224 or river $Chow 1964$. There are three major types o) Tj 342.75 0 TD -0.0999 Tc 0.3499 Tw (f riparian flood ) Tj -342.75 -21 TD -0.0898 Tc 0.6148 Tw (occurrences in Canada: flash floods, spring freshets, ice jams and glacier) Tj 348.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0776 Tc 0.4526 Tw (outburst floods ) Tj -353.25 -20.25 TD -0.0815 Tc 0.4315 Tw ($Andrews 1993$. British Columbia is prone to spring freshet floods that occur when the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0662 Tc 0.4829 Tw (snow pack melts, sending large volumes of water down mountai) Tj 308.25 0 TD -0.09 Tc 0.465 Tw (n valleys into waterways, ) Tj -308.25 -20.25 TD -0.0358 Tc 0.1858 Tw (and often onto flood plains. Both the 1894 and 1948 Fraser River floods occurred during ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0768 Tc 0.4049 Tw (the spring when rain added to the snowmelt already in the river system caused flood plain ) Tj T* -0.0583 Tc 0.4333 Tw (inundation $Andrews 1993$.) Tj 135 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -135 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (2.1.3) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0558 Tc -0.3918 Tw ( Flood Damage Reduction) Tj 138.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -165.75 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0885 Tc 0.4385 Tw (People fear floods only because they have chosen to live on flood plains that would ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0626 Tc 0.3511 Tw (without control measures be inundated. There are two major approaches to reducing the ) Tj T* -0.0568 Tc 0.3247 Tw (damage caused by floods. Either, people and infrastructure can be removed from the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.336 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj 8.25 0 TD -0.0361 Tc 0.1611 Tw (ater, or the water can be diverted away from the people. ) Tj 273.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -282 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0553 Tc 0.5053 Tw (Structural measures to move water include:) Tj 207.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -207.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 18 -21.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0253 Tc 0.2753 Tw (dams, levees and dikes) Tj 109.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -127.5 -21 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0523 Tc 0.2398 Tw (reservoirs and retarding basins ) Tj 149.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -167.25 -21.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0606 Tc 0.0606 Tw (channel modification ) Tj 104.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -122.25 -21.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0549 Tc 0.0549 Tw (catchment modification ) Tj 116.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -134.25 -21.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0648 Tc 0.0648 Tw (drainage schemes ) Tj 87 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 94 0 obj 4079 endobj 95 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F8 /BaseFont /Symbol /FirstChar 31 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 600 250 333 713 500 549 833 778 439 333 333 500 549 250 549 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 549 549 549 444 549 722 667 722 612 611 763 603 722 333 631 722 686 889 722 722 768 741 556 592 611 690 439 768 645 795 611 333 863 333 658 500 500 631 549 549 494 439 521 411 603 329 603 549 549 576 521 549 549 521 549 603 439 576 713 686 493 686 494 480 200 480 549 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 620 247 549 167 713 500 753 753 753 753 1042 987 603 987 603 400 549 411 549 549 713 494 460 549 549 549 549 1000 603 1000 658 823 686 795 987 768 768 823 768 768 713 713 713 713 713 713 713 768 713 790 790 890 823 549 250 713 603 603 1042 987 603 987 603 494 329 790 790 786 713 384 384 384 384 384 384 494 494 494 494 600 329 274 686 686 686 384 384 384 384 384 384 494 494 494 600 ] /FontDescriptor 96 0 R >> endobj 96 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /Symbol /Flags 6 /FontBBox [ -250 -250 1276 1000 ] /MissingWidth 625 /StemV 113 /StemH 113 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 1000 /XHeight 700 /Ascent 1000 /Descent -250 /Leading 250 /MaxWidth 1063 /AvgWidth 625 >> endobj 97 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 72 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 98 0 R >> endobj 98 0 obj << /Length 99 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (14) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -193.5 645.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0555 Tc 0.243 Tw (flood proofing of vulnerable pro) Tj 154.5 0 TD 0.0284 Tc -0.0284 Tw (perties $Penning) Tj 78 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0723 Tc 0.2598 Tw (Roswell and Peerbolte 1994$ ) Tj 141 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -414.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0551 Tc 0.3676 Tw (Structural flood control measures are mankind\222s way of attacking natural challenges. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0459 Tc 0.3186 Tw (Large and impressive engineering structures are perceived to provide protection from ) Tj T* -0.0524 Tc 0.3024 Tw (natural flooding events. ) Tj 116.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -116.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1746 Tc 0.1746 Tw (As problems) Tj 60 0 TD -0.0197 Tc 0.156 Tw ( are realized with structural flood control measures, scientists and engineers ) Tj -60 -20.25 TD -0.045 Tc 0.3575 Tw (are examining less aggressive, proactive options to flood control. Examples of non) Tj 399 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -399 -21 TD -0.0471 Tc 0.5471 Tw (structural measures to mitigate flood damage include:) Tj 257.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -257.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 21 -21 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0745 Tc 0.3745 Tw (flood forecasting, flood warning and e) Tj 183.75 0 TD -0.0041 Tc 0.0041 Tw (mergency planning) Tj 92.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -294 -21.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0793 Tc 0.2668 Tw (land use planning controls ) Tj 129 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -147 -21.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0098 Tc 0.3848 Tw (acquisition and relocation) Tj 123 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -141 -21 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1119 Tc 0.4869 Tw (flood insurance ) Tj 76.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -94.5 -21.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0514 Tc 0.4264 Tw (Public information and education $Penning) Tj 205.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0694 Tc 0.3194 Tw (Roswell and Peerbolte 1994$.) Tj 141 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -390.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0796 Tc 0.4834 Tw (Land use planners and engineers have traditionally preferred to redirect water with large ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (stru) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.0524 Tc 0.3649 Tw (ctures rather than removing people from vulnerable regions. There are numerous ) Tj -17.25 -21 TD -0.0501 Tc 0.3001 Tw (reasons why this approach is not suitable for current development and climatic ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0492 Tc 0.2799 Tw (conditions. The natural approach to flood damage reduction as described in this paper ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1332 Tc 0.8832 Tw (combines mo) Tj 64.5 0 TD -0.077 Tc 0.3895 Tw (ving people with moving water. The advantages and disadvantages of this ) Tj -64.5 -20.25 TD -0.0705 Tc 0.3205 Tw (method are discussed later in the chapter.) Tj 197.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -197.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc (2.2) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD -0 Tc -0.0854 Tw (Flood Damage Reduction ) Tj 147 0 TD 0.078 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 7.5 0 TD 0.0082 Tc -0.3442 Tw ( A Structural Approach) Tj 131.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -321.75 -15.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0378 Tc 0.1878 Tw (The B.C. approach to flood damage reduction has primarily been structural. 600 km of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1164 Tc 0 Tw (dikes) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.0322 Tc 0.1929 Tw (, 400 flood boxes and 100 pump stations protect residents of the Lower Mainland ) Tj -24.75 -21 TD -0.0373 Tc 0.198 Tw ($B.C. MELP n.d.a.; Peters 2000$. Structural works can be successful at mitigating flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0872 Tc 0.4622 Tw (damage by holding back flood water from inhabited flood plains. However, long and ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.084 Tc 0 Tw (shor) Tj 20.25 0 TD -0.336 Tc (t) Tj 3 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0514 Tc 0.2657 Tw (term problems associated with the use of structural flood works are evident today. ) Tj ET endstream endobj 99 0 obj 4334 endobj 100 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 72 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 101 0 R >> endobj 101 0 obj << /Length 102 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (15) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0189 Tc 0.0871 Tw (Taylor Delaney observes that this \223command and control approach to watershed ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0468 Tc 0.2611 Tw (management cannot necessarily be viewed as a success as evidenced by the floods of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.1035 Tw (1993 and 1) Tj 52.5 0 TD -0.0574 Tc 0.3574 Tw (995 in the Midwest\224 $1995$. ) Tj 139.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -192 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0471 Tc 0.2202 Tw (Hoyt and Langbein $1955$ state that \223flood protection [structural flood control] is entirely ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0709 Tc 0.3709 Tw (feasible and is a rational method of meeting flood problems ) Tj 288.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0317 Tc 0.1817 Tw ( provided one does not ) Tj -294.75 -21 TD -0.0663 Tc 0.4413 Tw (expect too much from it\224. Structural flood contr) Tj 232.5 0 TD -0.0913 Tc 0.4663 Tw (ol has historically been used as a reactive ) Tj -232.5 -20.25 TD -0.0898 Tc 0.5184 Tw (method for controlling flood water on settled lands. For the most part, flood control ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0452 Tc 0.2452 Tw (structures are effective at minimizing the risk of flood damage to flood plain residents. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0838 Tc 0.3838 Tw (However, there are three major dire) Tj 171 0 TD -0.0593 Tc 0.2736 Tw (ct and numerous indirect problems associated with ) Tj -171 -21 TD -0.0903 Tc 0.5903 Tw (structural flood works. Increases in flood damage risk, long) Tj 288 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.02 Tc -0.1675 Tw (term cost and environmental ) Tj -292.5 -21 TD -0.0802 Tc 0.3302 Tw (degradation are discussed in more detail below.) Tj 227.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -227.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (2.2.1) Tj 27 0 TD 0.005 Tc -0.1535 Tw ( Increased Flood Damage Risk) Tj 164.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -191.25 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0932 Tc 0.4146 Tw (Since risk is the product of hazard a) Tj 172.5 0 TD -0.122 Tc 0.622 Tw (nd vulnerability, an increase in flood risk can be ) Tj -172.5 -20.25 TD -0.0833 Tc 0.4114 Tw (attributed to an increase to one or both of hazard and vulnerability. Increases to flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.019 Tc 0.169 Tw (hazard and vulnerability will occur primarily as a result of man) Tj 302.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.1028 Tc 0.2903 Tw (made changes to the ) Tj -307.5 -20.25 TD -0.0581 Tc 0.2081 Tw (landscape. These changes and ) Tj 149.25 0 TD -0.0234 Tc 0.0234 Tw (consequences are discussed below.) Tj 168 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -317.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -32.25 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (2.2.1.1) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0335 Tc -0.3695 Tw ( Increased Flood Damage Vulnerability) Tj 220.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -257.25 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.063 Tc 0.063 Tw (First, as ) Tj 40.5 0 TD -0.097 Tc 0.097 Tw (Figure ) Tj 33.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (2) Tj 6 0 TD -0.1062 Tc 0.5347 Tw ( suggests, there is an increased sense of security for those who live or ) Tj -90.75 -21 TD -0.0873 Tc 0.3998 Tw (work behind dikes and levees. As a result, flood plains have b) Tj 299.25 0 TD 0.0047 Tc -0.0047 Tw (een extensively developed. ) Tj -299.25 -20.25 TD -0.0898 Tc 0.4398 Tw (The economic value of development on the flood plain is much greater than it would ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0334 Tc 0.0869 Tw (have been without the sense of security that comes with the construction of structural ) Tj T* -0.0376 Tc 0.2251 Tw (flood control measures $Hunt 1999$. Thus, developers buil) Tj 284.25 0 TD -0.0611 Tc 0.4361 Tw (d subdivisions, malls and ) Tj -284.25 -20.25 TD -0.0657 Tc 0.3001 Tw (offices in areas that would otherwise be under water for at least part of the year. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0671 Tc 0.3796 Tw (Increased development results in a greater vulnerability to flooding, which is directly ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0613 Tc 0.4363 Tw (proportional to risk.) 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Tj 105 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -105 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -30.75 TD /F2 11.25 Tf -0.0722 Tc 0.2597 Tw (Hydrological Hazards) Tj 99.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -99.75 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0052 Tc 0.1198 Tw (The straightening and smoothing of river ch) Tj 210.75 0 TD -0.0867 Tc 0.4617 Tw (annels to convey as much water away from ) Tj -210.75 -21 TD -0.0436 Tc 0.1508 Tw (the potential flood areas as fast as possible drastically changes river hydrology. 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Als) Tj 72 0 TD -0.0781 Tc 0.4243 Tw (o, the slug of excess flood water is not spread throughout meanders and ) Tj -72 -21 TD -0.064 Tc 0.314 Tw (side channels. This increases the volume of water flowing down a river during peak ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0468 Tc 0.2075 Tw (flow. Additionally, the straightening of river channels speeds the passage of water. 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Tc 0 Tw (Constricted) Tj ET q 274.5 651 61.5 22.5 re W n BT 274.5 652.5 TD 0.0684 Tc (river) Tj ET Q 268.5 660 m 247.5 641.25 l S 245.25 644.25 m 241.5 636.75 l 249.75 638.25 l 245.25 644.25 l f* 344.25 598.5 m 286.5 590.25 l S 286.5 594 m 279 589.5 l 287.25 586.5 l 286.5 594 l f* 146.25 474.75 320.25 244.5 re S BT 466.5 468 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj -289.5 -21.75 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.0214 Tc -0.2089 Tw (Figure ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.2467 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.375 Tc (2) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0.1128 Tc -0.0503 Tw (: Hydrographs for unaltered and constricted river) Tj 213.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -344.25 -19.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.4785 Tw (For example, flood) Tj 90.75 0 TD -0.0791 Tc 0.4541 Tw ( heights along the Lower Missouri River have been increased by as ) Tj -90.75 -21 TD -0.0584 Tc 0.2928 Tw (much as 12 feet because of the construction of levees $American Rivers 1997$. The use ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0705 Tc 0.4455 Tw (of structures, in combination with the increased impermeability of the Illinois River ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.12 Tc 0.495 Tw (watershed, have r) Tj 84 0 TD -0.0986 Tc 0.5759 Tw (esulted in more erratic, larger and more frequent flooding of the ) Tj -84 -21 TD -0.0288 Tc 0.1226 Tw (adjacent flood plain $Sparks, Nelson, and Yin 1998$. ) Tj 255.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -255.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0562 Tc 0.3062 Tw (The additional pressure on dams, dikes and levees from large volumes of water often lead ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.003 Tc 0.128 Tw (to structural failures by seepage or overtoppi) Tj 214.5 0 TD -0.0806 Tc 0.2949 Tw (ng $Hunt 1999$. Flood control failures in ) Tj -214.5 -21 TD -0.0566 Tc 0.2566 Tw (B.C. occur with alarming regularity; there is a structural failure in B.C. on average, every ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0701 Tc 0.4162 Tw (two years $Woods 2000$. This heightened likelihood of structural failure increases the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.117 Tc 0.492 Tw (hazard in the risk equation.) Tj 129.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -129.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.291 Tc 0.291 Tw (It ) Tj 10.5 0 TD -0.064 Tc 0.3524 Tw (is worth noting that all flood control structures are not necessarily created or ) Tj -10.5 -21 TD -0.0552 Tc 0.323 Tw (maintained to an equal standard. For example, municipalities with a strong urban tax base ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0724 Tc 0.4474 Tw (typically have greater financial and staff resources for their dike operations and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.207 Tc 0 Tw (ma) Tj 15 0 TD -0.0739 Tc 0.3864 Tw (intenance programs. Rural diking authorities may not have the same financial or ) Tj ET endstream endobj 109 0 obj 12070 endobj 110 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 104 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 111 0 R >> endobj 111 0 obj << /Length 112 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (18) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0988 Tc 0.5207 Tw (technical ability to maintain their structures over the long term. This may result in a flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0931 Tc 0.6386 Tw (protection system with variable structural integrity. During a large flood event, ) Tj 381 0 TD -0.0503 Tc 0.0503 Tw (there may ) Tj -381 -20.25 TD -0.0542 Tc 0.3951 Tw (be structural failures among weaker structures while stronger structures may effectively ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0878 Tc 0.5378 Tw (withstand the peak flow $Litke 2001$.) Tj 180.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -180.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -31.5 TD /F2 11.25 Tf -0.0739 Tc 0.2614 Tw (Structural Hazards) Tj 85.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -85.5 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0452 Tc 0.2759 Tw (Despite construction of flood control projects, flood plain properties will be vulnerable to ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.282 Tc 0 Tw (natur) Tj 24 0 TD -0.0223 Tc 0.1377 Tw (e. Flood control structures are designed by balancing probable flood conditions and ) Tj -24 -20.25 TD -0.038 Tc 0.1787 Tw (structure costs. Along the Lower Fraser River, structures are built to the design standard ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.089 Tc 0.464 Tw (of the 1894 flood plus 0.6 m of freeboard; approximately the 1:200 year flood ) Tj 377.25 0 TD -0.0807 Tc -0.6693 Tw (frequency ) Tj -377.25 -21 TD -0.0481 Tc 0.2356 Tw ($Peters 2000$. Hence, structures are not built to withstand all flood events, as this would ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.045 Tc 0.3177 Tw (be economically unfeasible. Structures may be overtopped during flood events greater ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.3143 Tw (than the design of structural works, inundating vulnerable flood pla) Tj 323.25 0 TD -0.0335 Tc -0.154 Tw (in properties. Many ) Tj -323.25 -20.25 TD -0.0374 Tc 0.2105 Tw (structures, including levees and dikes then exacerbate the situation, as water is detained ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0971 Tc 0.438 Tw (behind structures and is unable to escape back to the main channel.) Tj 321 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -321 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0323 Tc 0.2823 Tw (In addition to problems adjacent to dikes and levees, the construction of f) Tj 352.5 0 TD -0.0529 Tc 0.0529 Tw (lood control ) Tj -352.5 -21 TD -0.0501 Tc 0.3001 Tw (will adversely affect upstream residents. In order to protect downstream communities, ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1057 Tc 0.4807 Tw (dams and dikes hold flood water upstream. This excess of upstream water can result in ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1005 Tc 0.5043 Tw (the inundation of large areas. During the 1997 Red River Flood in Ma) Tj 339 0 TD -0.0632 Tc -0.3118 Tw (nitoba, structural ) Tj -339 -21 TD -0.0233 Tc 0.0768 Tw (flood control successfully kept Winnipeg\222s downtown core dry. However, this was at a ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0766 Tc 0.398 Tw (cost to upstream communities who were inundated by flood waters backed up behind the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0473 Tc 0.2973 Tw (structures. The suburban development of Grande Point, Manitoba wa) Tj 334.5 0 TD -0.0427 Tc 0.2927 Tw (s inundated because ) Tj -334.5 -20.25 TD -0.0274 Tc 0.1428 Tw (the Winnipeg Floodway gates were raised to protect the City of Winnipeg $Bumsted ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0801 Tc 0.4839 Tw (1997$. The increased vulnerability of upstream communities was the cost of flood ) Tj T* -0.0187 Tc 0.1853 Tw (control structures downstream. Clearly, the construction of structural f) Tj 340.5 0 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.2509 Tw (lood control can ) Tj -340.5 -20.25 TD -0.042 Tc 0.292 Tw (create conflict between upstream and downstream communities.) Tj 307.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -307.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0644 Tc 0.3769 Tw (Finally, ageing infrastructure contributes to increased flood hazard. In Canada, many ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1026 Tc 0.5026 Tw (major infrastructure projects were built in the 1960\222s when government spent up to 5% of ) Tj ET endstream endobj 112 0 obj 4041 endobj 113 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 104 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 114 0 R >> endobj 114 0 obj << /Length 115 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (19) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.336 Tc 0 Tw (G) Tj 8.25 0 TD -0.055 Tc 0.3434 Tw (DP on infrastructure $Shrubsole 2000$. Along the Fraser River, for example, numerous ) Tj -8.25 -21 TD -0.0652 Tc 0.3299 Tw (flood control structures were built or rebuilt in the 1950\222s in response to the 1948 flood. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0266 Tc 0.3599 Tw (These structures now require continual maintenance and may require replacemen) Tj 389.25 0 TD -0.306 Tc 0.806 Tw (t in the ) Tj -389.25 -21 TD -0.0884 Tc 0.4042 Tw (near future. While the structures continue to be in use the chance of a breach or failure is ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1294 Tc 0.8794 Tw (high, increasing the flood hazard.) Tj 159.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -159.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0466 Tc 0.2609 Tw (Thus, through the use of structural flood control measures, both the hazard and the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0799 Tc 0.2674 Tw (vulnerability of flood plain deve) Tj 155.25 0 TD -0.0876 Tc 0.5563 Tw (lopment increase. Given that hazard and vulnerability ) Tj -155.25 -21 TD -0.125 Tc 0.7596 Tw (are multiplied to give risk, the increased risk to flood plain development is great.) Tj 387 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -387 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (2.2.2) Tj 27 0 TD -0.0746 Tc -0.0114 Tw ( Increase in Long) Tj 91.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.0098 Tc -0.3457 Tw (term Cost) Tj 51.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -174.75 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0493 Tc 0.2993 Tw (The costs associated with structural flood control are on the rise. There are two maj) Tj 402.75 0 TD -0.123 Tc 0.123 Tw (or ) Tj -402.75 -20.25 TD -0.0195 Tc 0.1695 Tw (reasons for this. Increased post) Tj 150.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0541 Tc 0.3041 Tw (disaster costs, and the high maintenance and capital costs ) Tj -155.25 -21 TD -0.0884 Tc 0.5884 Tw (of flood control structures, are most relevant.) Tj 216 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -216 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.067 Tc 0.3554 Tw (First, the payments to flood damaged businesses and home owners by government and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0787 Tc 0.6412 Tw (insurance bodies is greater i) Tj 133.5 0 TD -0.0303 Tc 0.1137 Tw (n structurally controlled areas, for reasons cited in section ) Tj -133.5 -20.25 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (2.2.1) Tj 24 0 TD -0.0663 Tc 0.3163 Tw (. The increased risk of flood damage translates directly to increased costs when a ) Tj -24 -21 TD -0.0152 Tc 0.1516 Tw (flood strikes. In Canada, where there has traditionally been a dependence on) Tj 365.25 0 TD -0.0324 Tc 0.0324 Tw ( structural ) Tj -365.25 -20.25 TD -0.0564 Tc 0.3689 Tw (flood control, payments for flood damages by government agencies and the insurance ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0445 Tc 0.2445 Tw (industry have been on the rise since 1975 $Shrubsole 2000$. In the Lower Fraser Valley, ) Tj T* -0.0729 Tc 0.4138 Tw (property values on the Fraser River flood plain are increasing steadily. ) Tj 340.5 0 TD -0.0639 Tc 0.2139 Tw ( In 1994 there was ) Tj -340.5 -20.25 TD -0.0507 Tc 0.265 Tw ($13 billion dollars worth of buildings and infrastructure and $250 to $300 million dollars ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0835 Tc 0.4365 Tw (worth of agricultural production in the Lower Fraser Valley. It is estimated that if a flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0575 Tc 0.3908 Tw (of 1894 proportions were to hit the region, costs of) Tj 243 0 TD -0.0311 Tc 0.2186 Tw ( at least $1.8 billion dollars would be ) Tj -243 -21 TD -0.0871 Tc 0.4621 Tw (incurred. This is a significant increase in flood damage costs to estimates made in 1971 ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0534 Tc 0.2534 Tw (by Environment Canada; they estimated that if a flood of 1894 proportions were to hit ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0595 Tc 0.3595 Tw (costs would be approximately $284 millio) Tj 202.5 0 TD -0.0344 Tc 0.1178 Tw (n in 1971 dollars $Peters 2000$. Between 1975 ) Tj -202.5 -21 TD -0.0507 Tc 0.2814 Tw (and 2000, $200 million in Disaster Financial Assistance was paid to British Columbians ) Tj ET endstream endobj 115 0 obj 4197 endobj 116 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 104 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 117 0 R >> endobj 117 0 obj << /Length 118 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (20) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.043 Tc 0.193 Tw (for flood damages $Water B.C. 2000$. These elevated damage cost estimates are a direct ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0821 Tc 0.3821 Tw (result of increased flood plain de) Tj 157.5 0 TD -0.0414 Tc 0 Tw (velopment.) Tj 53.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -210.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0579 Tc 0.2722 Tw (Second, the capital and maintenance costs associated with structural works are great. In ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0822 Tc 0.4231 Tw (the Lower Fraser Basin, many flood protection works were built or re) Tj 333 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0533 Tc 0.2408 Tw (built after the 1948 ) Tj -337.5 -21 TD -0.0727 Tc 0.4477 Tw (Fraser River flood. Many of these structures are now approachin) Tj 312.75 0 TD -0.0783 Tc 0.3283 Tw (g the end of their design ) Tj -312.75 -21 TD -0.0579 Tc 0.3257 Tw (lives, and as such need much costly maintenance $Shrubsole 2000$. Additionally, if the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0444 Tc 0.2944 Tw (dependence on structural measures persists and as development levels increase in the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0933 Tc 0.4683 Tw (region, more structures will have to be built to protect ) Tj 261.75 0 TD -0.0594 Tc 0.1844 Tw (new developments, at great cost to ) Tj -261.75 -20.25 TD -0.0984 Tc 0.0984 Tw (tax payers.) Tj 51 0 TD 1 0 0 rg 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.0583 Tc 0.2726 Tw ( In the spring of 1999, the British Columbia government spent $6.95 million ) Tj -54 -21 TD -0.0514 Tc 0.2657 Tw (to fund 71 emergency flood control projects around B.C., all of them structural $B.C. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1002 Tc 0.4752 Tw (MELP 1999a$. This is in addition to $6 milli) Tj 219.75 0 TD -0.0108 Tc -0.0964 Tw (on of Federal dollars also spent on ) Tj -219.75 -20.25 TD -0.0791 Tc 0.4829 Tw (emergency structural flood control measures on B.C. First Nations lands for the same ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0339 Tc 0.207 Tw (period $Canada. DIANA 1999$. Clearly, expenditures on structural flood control are high ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.192 Tc 0.942 Tw (in B.C..) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -36.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (2.2.3) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0185 Tc -0.3545 Tw ( Environmental Degradation) Tj 147.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -174.75 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0497 Tc -0.0497 Tw (The pres) Tj 41.25 0 TD -0.0402 Tc 0.2545 Tw (ence of structural flood control along river corridors has a profound effect on the ) Tj -41.25 -21 TD -0.0401 Tc 0.1651 Tw (natural environment. First, there are an infinite number of relationships between ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.052 Tc 0.2828 Tw (terrestrial and aquatic organisms at the river\222s edge. These are jeopardized when the ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.112 Tc 0 Tw (nat) Tj 15 0 TD -0.0954 Tc 0.4043 Tw (ural state of the river is altered to separate flood plain from river. Second, the natural ) Tj -15 -21 TD -0.047 Tc 0.2345 Tw (disturbance that occurs during floods is eliminated when structures are built. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0545 Tc 0.3272 Tw (Disturbances are an important part of the lifecycle of numerous macroinvertebrates, ) Tj 405 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (fish ) Tj -405 -21 TD -0.0638 Tc 0.2638 Tw (and plants. In addition, the hydrologic regime of a constrained river will be vastly ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.064 Tc 0.2948 Tw (different from a natural river. This will create environmental effects on natural ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0357 Tc 0.2403 Tw (populations. Finally, structural measures generally result in the desiccation of ) Tj 378.75 0 TD -0.1133 Tc 0.1133 Tw (valuable ) Tj -378.75 -21 TD -0.0869 Tc 0.5036 Tw (wetland habitat. These issues are discussed in more detail below.) Tj 311.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -311.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 118 0 obj 3951 endobj 119 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 104 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 120 0 R >> endobj 120 0 obj << /Length 121 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (21) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc 0 Tw (2.2.3.1) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.057 Tc -0.393 Tw ( Flood Plain Separation) Tj 136.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -173.25 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0367 Tc 0.1974 Tw (The construction of dikes and levees along rivers\222 edges effectively cuts off flood plains ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0634 Tc 0.4384 Tw (from the hydrologic system. For the most part, these floodpl) Tj 291.75 0 TD -0.002 Tc -0.148 Tw (ains are reclaimed as dry ) Tj -291.75 -21 TD -0.0722 Tc 0.3936 Tw (land and developed; much natural wetland and side channel habitat is lost $B.C. MELP ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0745 Tc 0.3745 Tw (1996$. The habitat within diked wetland that is not claimed for development will be ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0451 Tc 0.1951 Tw (altered as the connection between the wetland and the river ) Tj 287.25 0 TD -0.0533 Tc 0.1783 Tw (is lost $Salvesen 1990$. This ) Tj -287.25 -21 TD -0.0368 Tc 0.2098 Tw (separation affects numerous aquatic and terrestrial populations. Galat et al. $1998$ note a ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0856 Tc 0.4606 Tw (significant decrease in fish harvests in the lower Missouri River as a direct result of flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0522 Tc 0.4272 Tw (plain separation. They also note that f) Tj 180.75 0 TD -0.0824 Tc 0.4157 Tw (ish and turtles, which require both the river and ) Tj -180.75 -21 TD -0.0353 Tc 0.2228 Tw (floodplain during their lifecycle, are greatly disadvantaged when levees and dikes are ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0475 Tc 0.0475 Tw (constructed. ) Tj 60.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -60.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0524 Tc 0.1847 Tw (Of particular note on the Fraser River are the effects of dikes and flood boxes on salmon ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0345 Tc -0.0345 Tw (migration. Ju) Tj 66 0 TD -0.0621 Tc 0.3505 Tw (venile salmonids that over winter in small streams cannot migrate out to the ) Tj -66 -21 TD -0.0631 Tc 0.331 Tw (mainstem of the river when flood box gates are closed. Additionally, structural flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0642 Tc 0.4051 Tw (barriers impede adult migration upstream to spawning streams $Thomson & Associates ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0518 Tc 0.0518 Tw (and Confl) Tj 47.25 0 TD -0.0217 Tc 0.2717 Tw (uence Environmental Consulting 1999$.) Tj 192 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -239.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0908 Tc 0.3908 Tw (Additionally, when dikes and levees are in place a wetland is not renewed by rich ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1033 Tc 0.5003 Tw (alluvium during floods and the river is unable to drop its heavy silt load. Thus, the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0767 Tc 0.4517 Tw (wetland habitat is depleted, genetic diversity o) Tj 222.75 0 TD -0.0597 Tc 0.274 Tw (f aquatic populations is limited and water ) Tj -222.75 -21 TD -0.0623 Tc 0.2766 Tw (quality degraded. Diking has had a noticeable detrimental effect on the productivity of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.068 Tc 0.368 Tw (the Fraser River estuary, the most important single area of aquatic bird habitat in B.C. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0498 Tc 0.0498 Tw ($Farrow 1975$.) Tj 72 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -72 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (2.2.3.2) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0244 Tc -0.3604 Tw ( Wetland Desiccati) Tj 108.75 0 TD 0.168 Tc 0.246 Tw (on ) Tj 18 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -163.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0272 Tc 0.1426 Tw (Wetlands, once considered the scourge of developers, are now being recognized for their ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.046 Tc 0.296 Tw (many values, including numerous ecological benefits. Wetlands are considered one of the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0408 Tc 0.3742 Tw (Earth\222s most productive natural ecosystems $Salvesen 1990$. The constructi) Tj 367.5 0 TD -0.0087 Tc 0.0087 Tw (on of dikes ) Tj -367.5 -21 TD -0.0766 Tc 0.4516 Tw (and levees will segregate rivers from their flood plain, thus draining any wetland areas ) Tj ET endstream endobj 121 0 obj 4065 endobj 122 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 123 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 124 0 R >> endobj 123 0 obj << /Kids [ 122 0 R 126 0 R 129 0 R 132 0 R 135 0 R 138 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 420 0 R >> endobj 124 0 obj << /Length 125 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (22) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0651 Tc 0.3463 Tw (adjacent to the river. The loss of wetland flood plains affects all parts of the natural ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0492 Tc 0 Tw (ecosystem.) Tj 52.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -52.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0133 Tc 0.1204 Tw (Dikes deprive aquatic organisms of river shallows, whi) Tj 264 0 TD -0.0458 Tc 0.1529 Tw (ch are essential for the survival of ) Tj -264 -20.25 TD -0.0528 Tc 0.2258 Tw (some macroinvertebrates and fish $Hickey and Salas 1995; Leach 1974$. E. Maltby ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1242 Tc 0.3742 Tw ($1991$ states that \223two) Tj 108 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0516 Tc 0.2658 Tw (thirds of the fish we eat depend on wetlands at some stage in their ) Tj -112.5 -21 TD -0.0777 Tc 0.3991 Tw (lifecycle\224. In addition, valuable rare plant ) Tj 205.5 0 TD -0.1151 Tc 0.6776 Tw (and bird habitat is lost.) Tj 109.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -315 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0355 Tc 0.24 Tw (Additionally, contaminants such as fertilizers and pesticides that would have traditionally ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0369 Tc 0.1619 Tw (been absorbed by flood plain wetlands, ) Tj 190.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0156 Tc 0.0156 Tw (nature\222s kidneys) Tj 78.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0093 Tc -0.0093 Tw (, are channelled directly ) Tj -269.25 -21 TD -0.0298 Tc 0.311 Tw (downstream. This can affect water quality and consequen) Tj 278.25 0 TD -0.0163 Tc 0.2038 Tw (tly aquatic and terrestrial ) Tj -278.25 -21 TD -0.0208 Tc 0.0208 Tw (organisms $Sparks et al. 1998$. For example, wetlands can capture and breakdown ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0775 Tc 0.4275 Tw (atrazine a common herbicide $Hunt 1997$. A natural flood plain forest adjacent to the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0384 Tc 0.205 Tw (Minnesota River would reduce suspended sediment by 94% and p) Tj 317.25 0 TD -0.074 Tc 0.074 Tw (hosphorus loading by ) Tj -317.25 -20.25 TD -0.0578 Tc 0.2453 Tw (81 % during a flood event $American Rivers 1997$.) Tj 246.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -246.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0908 Tc 0.4908 Tw (Finally the loss of flood plains will limit groundwater recharge. When water does not ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0677 Tc 0.3177 Tw (rest on flood plains or wetlands, it has no chance to percolate down to aquifers. As such, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0492 Tc 0 Tw (groun) Tj 27 0 TD -0.077 Tc 0.6127 Tw (dwater is not recharged which can have long) Tj 214.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0255 Tc 0.1755 Tw (term negative effects on ecosystems ) Tj -246 -20.25 TD -0.0508 Tc 0.2758 Tw (and in certain cases on drinking water supplies and agricultural irrigation.) Tj 353.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -353.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0743 Tc 0.3957 Tw (The loss of valuable wetlands thus effects a multitude of organisms and degrades river ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0402 Tc 0.0402 Tw (water quali) Tj 53.25 0 TD -0.362 Tc 0 Tw (ty.) Tj 12 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -65.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -32.25 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (2.2.3.3) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.018 Tc -0.104 Tw ( Upstream Inundation) Tj 126.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -163.5 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0982 Tc 0.5804 Tw (The use of dams and reservoirs for flood control clearly has implications for upstream ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0207 Tc 0.0889 Tw (communities. Terrestrial ecosystems are drastically changed when they are temporarily ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0681 Tc 0.2726 Tw (or permanently covered in water as a result of a dam. ) Tj 257.25 0 TD -0.0328 Tc 0.1828 Tw ( Additionally, aquatic systems are ) Tj -257.25 -21 TD -0.0788 Tc 0.4288 Tw (changed when dams are in place as the moving $lotic$ river will become still $lentic$ ) Tj ET endstream endobj 125 0 obj 3854 endobj 126 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 123 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 127 0 R >> endobj 127 0 obj << /Length 128 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (23) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0668 Tc 0.3882 Tw ($Hickey and Salas 1995$. This obviously creates changes in the aquatic habitat upstream ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1653 Tc 0.1653 Tw (of any dam.) Tj 56.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -56.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (2.2.3.4) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0749 Tc -0.4109 Tw ( Loss of Disturbance Regime) Tj 168.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -205.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.086 Tc 0 Tw (Som) Tj 21 0 TD -0.0598 Tc 0.3723 Tw (e structural flood control measures, such as dams and reservoirs, restrict natural ) Tj -21 -20.25 TD -0.053 Tc 0.303 Tw (flood flows and the disturbance that this will cause downstream. Sparks et al. $1998$ note ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0699 Tc 0.5699 Tw (that fluctuating river levels are particularly important to the river) Tj 310.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.06 Tc 0.06 Tw (floodplain e) Tj 57 0 TD 0.0373 Tc -0.0373 Tw (cosystem. ) Tj -372 -20.25 TD -0.0541 Tc 0.3041 Tw (Many organisms require periodic disturbances, such as floods, as cues for various life) Tj 410.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -410.25 -21 TD -0.0813 Tc 0.4094 Tw (cycle stages. Fish, for example, use periods of high flow as signals for spawning and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0609 Tc 0.3336 Tw (migration $Leitman et al. 1991$. Plants also benefit from periodic floo) Tj 338.25 0 TD 0.0056 Tc -0.0056 Tw (ding. For example, ) Tj -338.25 -20.25 TD -0.0619 Tc 0.4369 Tw (along the Illinois River, the decurrent false aster $) Tj 238.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0487 Tc 0.0487 Tw (Boltonia decurrens) Tj 91.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0551 Tc 0.3051 Tw ($ requires regular ) Tj -330 -21 TD -0.0684 Tc 0.3184 Tw (floods to remove competitors from the light $Sparks et al. 1998$. High biotic diversity ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0518 Tc 0.3018 Tw (and productivity are found on flood plains and side channe) Tj 282.75 0 TD -0.0783 Tc 0.2283 Tw (ls when both aquatic and ) Tj -282.75 -21 TD -0.0454 Tc 0.3181 Tw (terrestrial communities experience predictable, moderate duration floods. This is termed ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1193 Tc 0.1193 Tw (the \223flood) Tj 47.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0431 Tc 0.2306 Tw (pulse concept\224 $Michener and Haeuber 1998$. Clearly, the loss of the ) Tj -51.75 -20.25 TD -0.021 Tc 0.3023 Tw (disturbance regime created by floods has numerous effects on) Tj 296.25 0 TD -0.0547 Tc 0.4297 Tw ( natural ecosystems.) Tj 96.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -393 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -32.25 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (2.2.3.5) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.017 Tc -0.353 Tw ( Altered Hydrologic Regime) Tj 156.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -193.5 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0431 Tc 0.1837 Tw (In addition to changes on the flood plain, the river itself will be dramatically altered by ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0608 Tc 0.2814 Tw (the presence of structural flood control. The changes in the river can be explained by the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0111 Tc 0.3861 Tw (altered hydrologic reg) Tj 105.75 0 TD -0.0797 Tc 0.3297 Tw (ime. During a flood event, the inundation of floodplains along an ) Tj -105.75 -21 TD -0.0668 Tc 0.3012 Tw (unaltered river has the effect of spreading out the water both spatially and temporally. A ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0943 Tc 0.5162 Tw (river that has been altered structurally for flood control with dikes and levees will not be ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.3105 Tc 0 Tw (able) Tj 19.5 0 TD -0.0834 Tc 0.3647 Tw ( to spread out. Thus, a much larger quantity of water is forced downstream much ) Tj -19.5 -21 TD -0.0941 Tc 0.3441 Tw (faster than would be found in an unaltered river as seen in ) Tj 280.5 0 TD 0.028 Tc -0.028 Tw (Figure ) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (2) Tj 6 0 TD (.) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -334.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0973 Tc 0.4723 Tw (The slug of fast moving water will scour river bottoms and move large rocks ) Tj 371.25 0 TD -0.1207 Tc 0.4957 Tw (within the ) Tj -371.25 -20.25 TD -0.0798 Tc 0.4837 Tw (river. These changes affect river morphology which, in turn, brings about changes in ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0341 Tc 0.1841 Tw (habitat and therefore species composition. ) Tj 204.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 128 0 obj 4449 endobj 129 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 123 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 130 0 R >> endobj 130 0 obj << /Length 131 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (24) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0481 Tc 0.2356 Tw (The increased energy of a constricted river will allow water to pick up and carry large ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0605 Tc 0.2105 Tw (amounts of sediment. This ) Tj 132.75 0 TD -0.0211 Tc 0.1149 Tw (sediment, which would otherwise be deposited on flood ) Tj -132.75 -21 TD -0.0605 Tc 0.2605 Tw (plains, is discharged to the ocean. This decreases the water quality of the downstream ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0423 Tc 0.2089 Tw (reaches of the river, and of the receiving ocean waters.) Tj 261.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -261.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.065 Tc 0.3864 Tw (Additionally, the heightened flood peak can cause severe) Tj 273 0 TD 0.0268 Tc -0.0268 Tw ( erosion along riverbanks. The ) Tj -273 -20.25 TD -0.0467 Tc 0.2074 Tw (powerful slug of water undercuts banks causing them to collapse. This has severe ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0788 Tc 0.5788 Tw (implications for riparian habitat and land values.) Tj 232.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -232.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0958 Tc 0.5458 Tw (In conclusion, it is clear that the altered hydrologic regime that results when a river is) Tj 409.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -409.5 -21 TD -0.0626 Tc 0.3511 Tw (constricted by structural flood control measures causes great damage to the river and ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1119 Tc 0.8619 Tw (adjacent lands.) Tj 70.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -70.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -32.25 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (2.2.3.6) Tj 36.75 0 TD -0.0057 Tc -0.3303 Tw ( Additional Problems) Tj 119.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -156 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0837 Tc 0.4337 Tw (A further problem that can result from flood control measures is the killing of migratory ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0444 Tc 0.2944 Tw (fish in pumps. For example, axial) Tj 162.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.249 Tc -0.501 Tw (flow ) Tj 24 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0 Tw (propeller) Tj 43.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0576 Tc 0.2718 Tw (type pumps are in place along the ) Tj -240 -20.25 TD -0.094 Tc 0.4469 Tw (Fraser River to pump water over dikes and levees into the mainstem of the river to avoid ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0596 Tc 0.2471 Tw (flooding on the inside of structures. Mortality rates of 25% to 70% in coho salmon ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1221 Tc 0.4435 Tw (smolts have been noted in fish passing ) Tj 187.5 0 TD -0.0762 Tc 0.3976 Tw (through the pumps $Thomson & Associates and ) Tj -187.5 -21 TD -0.044 Tc 0.294 Tw (Confluence Environmental Consulting 1999$. Given, that such high mortality rates have ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0663 Tc 0.4072 Tw (been noted, this clearly has implications for Fraser River salmon escapement. ) Tj 374.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -374.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0651 Tc 0.2793 Tw (Flood control structures have been built for ) Tj 210.75 0 TD -0.0875 Tc 0.4089 Tw (hundreds of years to mitigate damage to ) Tj -210.75 -20.25 TD -0.038 Tc 0.1534 Tw (human settlements. In some cases, structural measures have been successful at mitigating ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0691 Tc 0.3691 Tw (these damages. However, over time it has become clear that these same structures have ) Tj T* -0.0765 Tc 0.3265 Tw (the propensity to create even greater d) Tj 183 0 TD -0.0644 Tc 0.3144 Tw (amages to property they were built to protect, and ) Tj -183 -20.25 TD -0.0884 Tc 0.4218 Tw (to the local environment. This fact was first noted by Charles Ellet Jr. in the 1840s, he ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.054 Tc 0.3665 Tw (concluded that levees along the Mississippi were creating flooding, not mitigating the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0492 Tc 0.4242 Tw (damages $Environmental Revi) Tj 145.5 0 TD -0.0556 Tc 0.3056 Tw (ew 1996$. Unfortunately he was largely ignored. ) Tj ET endstream endobj 131 0 obj 3929 endobj 132 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 123 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 133 0 R >> endobj 133 0 obj << /Length 134 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (25) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0481 Tc 0.2981 Tw (However, current research as listed above notes numerous problems associated with flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0607 Tc 0.5964 Tw (structures including increased flood damage risks, increased long) Tj 312.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.027 Tc 0.027 Tw (term costs and ) Tj -317.25 -20.25 TD -0.0091 Tc 0.1966 Tw (environmental degradation. Clearly f) Tj 180 0 TD -0.0365 Tc 0.224 Tw (lood control structures are not solving the problems ) Tj -180 -21 TD -0.0691 Tc 0.4441 Tw (they were built to remedy. Alternative approaches are therefore gaining momentum, ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0625 Tc 0.3625 Tw (including flood plain and wetland restoration.) Tj 219 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -219 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc (2.3) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD -0 Tc -0.0854 Tw (Flood Damage Reduction ) Tj 147 0 TD 0.078 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 7.5 0 TD -0.0161 Tc -0.3199 Tw ( A Natural Approach) Tj 115.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -306 -15.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0277 Tc 0.0277 Tw (The primary concept behind ) Tj 138 0 TD -0.0791 Tc 0.4541 Tw (a natural storage approach to flood control is the restoration ) Tj -138 -20.25 TD -0.0773 Tc 0.4234 Tw (of hydrologic functions to river systems and wetland areas in particular. The ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.072 Tc 0.4129 Tw (reinstatement of biological and hydrologic processes will reduce flooding $De Laney ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0835 Tc 0.3335 Tw (1995$. Flood flows in basins ) Tj 142.5 0 TD -0.0803 Tc 0.4212 Tw (with much wetland area can be 80% lower than in similar ) Tj -142.5 -21 TD -0.0798 Tc 0.4548 Tw (basins with little or no wetlands $Novitzki 1978$. Additionally, any land returned to its ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0711 Tc 0.3711 Tw (natural state will have a reduced potential for flood damage as fewer buildings or fragile ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0276 Tc 0.4026 Tw (crops will be in th) Tj 86.25 0 TD -0.0456 Tc 0.2706 Tw (e path of flood waters $Environmental Review 1996$. Summarily, ) Tj 321.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (a ) Tj -408 -21 TD -0.0438 Tc 0.3323 Tw (natural approach to flood damage reduction requires that people step back from the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.0011 Tc -0.0011 Tw (river to allow the adjacent lowland areas to get wet.) Tj 264 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -264 -21 TD /F1 12 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -31.5 TD /F2 11.25 Tf -0.0355 Tc 0.223 Tw (Flow Control) Tj 60 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -60 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0855 Tc 0.5355 Tw (Returning flood plains to their natura) Tj 178.5 0 TD -0.1363 Tc 0.5863 Tw (l state controls flood flows in numerous ways. ) Tj -178.5 -20.25 TD -0.0601 Tc 0.3485 Tw (These behaviours can be broadly grouped into two areas: energy dissipation and water ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.114 Tc 0.114 Tw (volume reduction.) Tj 86.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -86.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -30.75 TD /F5 9.75 Tf 0.055 Tc 0.2345 Tw (Energy Dissipation) Tj 82.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.2895 Tw ( ) Tj -82.5 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.03 Tc 0.2608 Tw (Wetlands disrupt the energy of flood waters by allowing water to spread out spatial) Tj 399.75 0 TD -0.2328 Tc 0.6078 Tw (ly and ) Tj -399.75 -20.25 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1511 Tw (temporally, and by moving over the rough surfaces of vegetation. Flood plains allow ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0358 Tc 0.143 Tw (water to spread out over a large surface area. In addition, flood plains provide ) Tj T* -0.1058 Tc 0.5558 Tw (connections to old streambeds that will reduce the level of water in the main stem ) Tj 394.5 0 TD 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw ($De ) Tj -394.5 -20.25 TD -0.0688 Tc 0.3366 Tw (Laney 1995$. Temporal spreading of flood peaks will result from wetland storage, which ) Tj ET endstream endobj 134 0 obj 3973 endobj 135 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 123 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 136 0 R >> endobj 136 0 obj << /Length 137 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (26) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0533 Tc 0.284 Tw (can desynchronize flood peaks that might otherwise have accumulated to create a large ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0712 Tc 0.3837 Tw (and damaging flood peak $Hunt 1997$. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands states) Tj 402 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0.5625 Tw ( that ) Tj -402 -20.25 TD -0.0598 Tc 0.2941 Tw (\223an estimated 0.4 hectares of wetland can store over 6 000 cubic metres of flood water\224 ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0571 Tc 0.2714 Tw ($RAMSAR n.d.$. Finally, energy will be dissipated as flood water passes over vegetation ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0908 Tc 0.3908 Tw (found on the flood plain $Hunt 1997$. All the above have the effect of d) Tj 346.5 0 TD 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw (ecreasing the ) Tj -346.5 -21 TD -0.0178 Tc 0.0178 Tw (flood peak, spreading a flood over time and space, and reducing the destructive power of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0335 Tc 0.0335 Tw (flood waters. ) Tj 65.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -65.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -31.5 TD /F5 9.75 Tf 0.065 Tc 0.2245 Tw (Water Volume Reduction) Tj 110.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.2895 Tw ( ) Tj -110.25 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0351 Tc 0.2082 Tw (In addition to benefits of increased energy dissipation, flood plains can decrease flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0195 Tc 0.0195 Tw (damages by reducing the ) Tj 123 0 TD -0.07 Tc 0.32 Tw (volume of water continuing downstream. This occurs for ) Tj -123 -21 TD -0.0546 Tc 0.3671 Tw (several reasons. First, precipitation is intercepted by flood plain vegetation, thus ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0508 Tc 0.3008 Tw (decreasing any surface runoff that would have contributed to flood peak $McAllister ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0825 Tc 0.3325 Tw (2000$. Second, water that is ) Tj 139.5 0 TD -0.0495 Tc 0.2995 Tw (temporarily stored on a flood plain will be partially ) Tj -139.5 -20.25 TD -0.0584 Tc 0.3709 Tw (evaporated and evapotranspirated to the atmosphere. Third, water may percolate to ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.084 Tw (groundwater, restoring valuable aquifers $Maltby 1991$. All the above have the effect of ) Tj T* -0.0195 Tc 0.1695 Tw (reducing the total and peak f) Tj 136.5 0 TD -0.0315 Tc 0.1253 Tw (low of water downstream, thereby decreasing to probability ) Tj -136.5 -20.25 TD -0.0999 Tc 0.4749 Tw (of flood damage.) Tj 81 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -81 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0554 Tc 0.3054 Tw (Both energy dissipation and water volume reduction play important roles in the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0555 Tc 0.3055 Tw (decreasing flood damage downstream. Hey and Phillipi $1995$ state that \223as little as 4% ) Tj T* 0.0855 Tc -0.0855 Tw (or 5% of an) Tj 56.25 0 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.5808 Tw (y watershed would have to be restored\224 to successfully minimize flood ) Tj -56.25 -20.25 TD -0.0603 Tc 0.3103 Tw (damage. Maltby $1991$ notes that in Wisconsin it has been shown that drainage basins ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0617 Tc 0.3117 Tw (with 15% coverage of wetlands and lakes have flood peaks reduced by 60) Tj 354 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0814 Tc 0.0814 Tw (65 % over ) Tj -358.5 -20.25 TD -0.0282 Tc 0.0282 Tw (similar drainage ba) Tj 91.5 0 TD -0.0772 Tc 0.4233 Tw (sins with no wetlands or lakes. Clearly flood plains, and wetlands in ) Tj -91.5 -21 TD -0.0817 Tc 0.4031 Tw (particular are very effective forms of flood control.) Tj 244.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -244.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0801 Tc 0.3801 Tw (There is limited literature on the amount and placement of wetland areas for flood control ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.04 Tc 0.165 Tw (optimization. What literature exists ) Tj 178.5 0 TD -0.0161 Tc 0.0161 Tw (is controversial. Mitsch and Gosselink $1993$ claim ) Tj -178.5 -20.25 TD -0.0389 Tc 0.2435 Tw (that several small upstream storage areas $wetlands$ effectively reduce flood damage ) Tj ET endstream endobj 137 0 obj 3997 endobj 138 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 123 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 139 0 R >> endobj 139 0 obj << /Length 140 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (27) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0538 Tc 0.3266 Tw (through desynchronization. Conversely, Ogawa and Male $1986$ using a hydrologic ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0095 Tc 0.3095 Tw (model, show that upstream wetlands hav) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0269 Tc 0.0269 Tw (e limited benefits downstream. However, both ) Tj -195 -20.25 TD -0.0849 Tc 0.4599 Tw (sets of authors agree that flood plains and wetlands reduce flood peaks. ) Tj 344.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -344.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0565 Tc 0.3449 Tw (Given the lack of literature on this subject, specifically on watersheds that hydrologically ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0687 Tc 0.3187 Tw (approximate the Fraser River, it is diffic) Tj 192.75 0 TD -0.0981 Tc 0.5148 Tw (ult to recommend specific actions for this region. ) Tj -192.75 -21 TD -0.0571 Tc 0.3071 Tw (However, as an example, a flood peak at Hope of 16 000 m) Tj 284.25 5.25 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.5 -5.25 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0428 Tc 0.1928 Tw (/s measured during the 1948 ) Tj -288.75 -20.25 TD -0.0729 Tc 0.419 Tw (flood $Swanson 2000$ would require hundreds of square kilometres of wetland in the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.126 Tc 0.726 Tw (Fraser Valley to mitigate flood loss) Tj 168.75 0 TD -0.0547 Tc 0.3274 Tw (es. In this case, it would more appropriate to provide ) Tj -168.75 -20.25 TD -0.0653 Tc 0.3538 Tw (small wetland storage areas in the numerous and varied Fraser River tributaries. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0358 Tc 0.2608 Tw (Additionally, small upriver storage areas would economically advantageous, as valuable ) Tj T* -0.0792 Tc 0.3792 Tw (Fraser River Valley land would ) Tj 154.5 0 TD -0.061 Tc 0.286 Tw (not have to be purchased. Clearly, further research into ) Tj -154.5 -20.25 TD -0.0707 Tc 0.4457 Tw (ideal locations for wetland storage in the Fraser River watershed must be conducted.) Tj 405 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -405 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0786 Tc 0.4824 Tw (In the Lower Fraser Valley, possible locations for wetland storage areas include the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.006 Tc 0.256 Tw (numerous Indian Reserves th) Tj 138.75 0 TD -0.0575 Tc 0.3075 Tw (at border the Fraser River. Many of these Reserves are not ) Tj -138.75 -21 TD -0.0401 Tc 0.2131 Tw (currently protected by flood structures, and therefore could potentially be used to store ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0892 Tc 0.4892 Tw (flood water. However, if these lands were to be used to control flooding, neighbouring ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1301 Tc 0.5051 Tw (communities who wo) Tj 103.5 0 TD -0.0759 Tc 0.3009 Tw (uld benefit from such a scheme must negotiate a compensation ) Tj -103.5 -20.25 TD -0.0559 Tc 0.2702 Tw (arrangement the First Nation owners of the land.) Tj 232.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -232.5 -19.5 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -23.25 TD /F2 11.25 Tf -0.0904 Tc 0.2779 Tw (Flood Loss Reduction) Tj 97.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -97.5 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0752 Tc 0.3399 Tw (In addition to benefits in flow control, the return of flood plains to their natural state can ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1114 Tc 0.4114 Tw (reduce flood losses. This r) Tj 129 0 TD -0.0464 Tc 0.3277 Tw (esults because fewer damageable properties are present in ) Tj -129 -21 TD -0.0486 Tc 0.3486 Tw (areas inundated during floods $Hunt 1999$.) Tj 207 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -207 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0402 Tc 0.1766 Tw (Wetland restoration will completely remove property from areas of possible inundation ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0719 Tc 0.3719 Tw (and have complete flow control benefits. However, a spectrum of land) Tj 337.5 0 TD -0.1 Tc 0.4 Tw ( use options on the ) Tj -337.5 -21 TD -0.0522 Tc 0.3522 Tw (floodplain is available to reduce flood damage. For example, planting \223flood) Tj 367.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0615 Tc 0.0615 Tw (friendly ) Tj -372 -21 TD -0.0586 Tc 0.3086 Tw (crops\224 on the flood plain will reduce flood damages and have some flow control benefits. ) Tj ET endstream endobj 140 0 obj 4152 endobj 141 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 142 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 143 0 R >> endobj 142 0 obj << /Kids [ 141 0 R 145 0 R 148 0 R 151 0 R 154 0 R 157 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 421 0 R >> endobj 143 0 obj << /Length 144 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (28) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.2148 Tc 0.2148 Tw (Table ) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0277 Tc 0.1777 Tw ( shows some possible land ) Tj 131.25 0 TD -0.1106 Tc 0.4106 Tw (uses for flood plains and the relative value for flow ) Tj -177 -21 TD -0.0461 Tc 0.0461 Tw (control benefits.) Tj 77.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -77.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -25.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.0323 Tc -0.2198 Tw (Table ) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.2467 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.375 Tc (1) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0.1588 Tc 0.0287 Tw (: Flood plain use spectrum) Tj 113.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 95.25 623.25 47.25 11.25 re f BT 118.5 625.5 TD 1 1 1 rg /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 89.25 623.25 6 11.25 re f 142.5 623.25 4.5 11.25 re f 153 623.25 115.5 11.25 re f BT 210.75 625.5 TD 1 1 1 rg ( ) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 147.75 623.25 5.25 11.25 re f 268.5 623.25 5.25 11.25 re f 279.75 623.25 178.5 11.25 re f BT 310.5 625.5 TD 1 1 1 rg 0.1251 Tc -0.3126 Tw (Alternative Flood Plain Uses) Tj 116.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 274.5 623.25 5.25 11.25 re f 458.25 623.25 5.25 11.25 re f 469.5 623.25 51.75 11.25 re f BT 472.5 625.5 TD 1 1 1 rg 0.2357 Tc -0.4232 Tw (Status Quo) Tj 45 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 464.25 623.25 5.25 11.25 re f 521.25 623.25 4.5 11.25 re f 1 1 1 rg 147 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0.75 0.75 re f 90 540.75 57 0.75 re f 147 540.75 0.75 0.75 re f 147.75 540.75 62.25 0.75 re f 210 540.75 0.75 0.75 re f 210.75 540.75 63 0.75 re f 273.75 540.75 0.75 0.75 re f 274.5 540.75 62.25 0.75 re f 336.75 540.75 0.75 0.75 re f 337.5 540.75 62.25 0.75 re f 399.75 540.75 0.75 0.75 re f 400.5 540.75 63 0.75 re f 463.5 540.75 0.75 0.75 re f 464.25 540.75 61.5 0.75 re f 525.75 540.75 0.75 0.75 re f 89.25 504.75 0.75 36 re f 89.25 504 0.75 0.75 re f 89.25 504 0.75 0.75 re f 90 504 57 0.75 re f 147 504.75 0.75 36 re f 147 504 0.75 0.75 re f 147.75 504 62.25 0.75 re f 210 504.75 0.75 36 re f 210 504 0.75 0.75 re f 210.75 504 63 0.75 re f 273.75 504.75 0.75 36 re f 273.75 504 0.75 0.75 re f 274.5 504 62.25 0.75 re f 336.75 504.75 0.75 36 re f 336.75 504 0.75 0.75 re f 337.5 504 62.25 0.75 re f 399.75 504.75 0.75 36 re f 399.75 504 0.75 0.75 re f 400.5 504 63 0.75 re f 463.5 504.75 0.75 36 re f 463.5 504 0.75 0.75 re f 464.25 504 61.5 0.75 re f 525.75 504.75 0.75 36 re f 525.75 504 0.75 0.75 re f 525.75 504 0.75 0.75 re f BT 90 493.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.2148 Tc 0.2148 Tw (Table ) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.062 Tc 0.312 Tw ( shows that a variety of flood plain uses can both benefit flow control and ) Tj -45.75 -21 TD -0.0723 Tc 0.3608 Tw (reduce flood losses. Clearly complete wetland restoration has the greatest benefits in ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0026 Tc 0.1098 Tw (terms of flow control and reduced property damag) Tj 240.75 0 TD -0.1306 Tc 0.7735 Tw (e, however much is gained through the ) Tj -240.75 -21 TD -0.0514 Tc 0.2122 Tw (various alternative flood plain uses. Flood plains used for recreation, such as playing ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1011 Tc 0.523 Tw (fields, will incur little damage when they are required to store water, yet will still have ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.2143 Tw (some flow control benefits. Numerous) Tj 186.75 0 TD -0.0564 Tc 0.2439 Tw ( agricultural practices that work within the natural ) Tj -186.75 -21 TD -0.0817 Tc 0.3905 Tw (cycle of the river are used around the world. For example, some rice farms use water ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0788 Tc 0.425 Tw (from floods in their fields as opposed to pumping water from distant sources ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.1893 Tw ($Environmental Review 1996$. Additional) Tj 206.25 0 TD -0.0312 Tc 0.1384 Tw (ly, there are crops that sustain minimal ) Tj -206.25 -21 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.2747 Tw (damage during flood events. A recent American Rivers $n.d.$ study on alternative flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0556 Tc 0.3235 Tw (plain crops looked at alternative economic uses of the flood plain that could withstand ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0997 Tc 0.5997 Tw (periodic flooding. It concludes that ha) Tj 186 0 TD -0.0549 Tc 0.1621 Tw (y production, grazing, speciality crops and hunting ) Tj -186 -20.25 TD -0.0613 Tc 0.3291 Tw (leases were economically attractive flood plain uses along the Minnesota River. It also ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0657 Tc 0.3871 Tw (notes that tree production, which preserves ecological integrity of the flood plain, is less ) Tj T* -0.0229 Tc 0.0229 Tw (economically attractiv) Tj 106.5 0 TD -0.139 Tc 0.639 Tw (e at this time.) Tj 64.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -171 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0623 Tc 0.3301 Tw (The flood proofing of buildings on flood plains will clearly reduce flood losses. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0942 Tc 0.4224 Tw (However, flow control will not be maximized. The level of flow control will depend on ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0587 Tc 0.3996 Tw (type of flood proofing used. For example, buildings raised on stilts) Tj 323.25 0 TD -0.0776 Tc 0.2651 Tw ( will maximize the ) Tj -323.25 -21 TD -0.0671 Tc 0.3671 Tw (area over which water can spread, thereby attenuating flood flows. ) Tj 321.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 144 0 obj 10616 endobj 145 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 142 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 146 0 R >> endobj 146 0 obj << /Length 147 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (29) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0745 Tc 0.4495 Tw (Clearly, flood losses will be greatly reduced with a natural approach to flood control. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0716 Tc 0.4466 Tw (Benefits may also be gained through various levels of flood plain development co) Tj 393 0 TD -0.1551 Tc 0.1551 Tw (ntrols. ) Tj -393 -21 TD -0.0764 Tc 0.4514 Tw (A natural approach to flood control has numerous benefits including reduced flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.04 Tc 0.29 Tw (damage risk, decreased long) Tj 135 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0164 Tc 0.1102 Tw (term cost, environmental gains and additional benefits. ) Tj -139.5 -21 TD -0.0892 Tc 0.4642 Tw (Each of these is discussed more fully below. ) Tj 216 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -216 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (2.3.1) Tj 27 0 TD 0.033 Tc -0.369 Tw ( Decreased Flood Damage Risk) Tj 169.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -196.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.582 Tc 0 Tw (Two) Tj 21 0 TD -0.0358 Tc 0.2358 Tw ( arguments are used to explain the reduction in flood damage risk when employing a ) Tj -21 -21 TD -0.0647 Tc 0.3862 Tw (natural approach to flood control. First, the ejection of people and infrastructure from ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0471 Tc 0.3356 Tw (flood plains will remove them from the risk of inundation. Second, the hydrologica) Tj 402.75 0 TD -1.086 Tc 0.336 Tw (l ) Tj -402.75 -21 TD -0.0639 Tc 0.3523 Tw (changes associated with natural flood control, as explained above, will create a less ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.037 Tc 0.1524 Tw (damaging environment for those people and buildings remaining on the floodplain. A ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0808 Tc 0.5182 Tw (natural approach to flood control has the effect of reducing vulnerability, hazard a) Tj 393.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0.375 Tw (nd ) Tj -393.75 -21 TD -0.0399 Tc 0.0399 Tw (therefore risk.) Tj 66.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -66.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (2.3.1.1) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0254 Tc -0.3614 Tw ( Vulnerability Reduction) Tj 137.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -174 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0458 Tc 0.2766 Tw (Clearly, returning wetlands to their natural state requires a removal of people and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0666 Tc 0.3345 Tw (infrastructure from an area. Fewer buildings and people in the path of floods will ) Tj T* -0.0344 Tc 0.4094 Tw (decrease the overall vulnerability of a reg) Tj 199.5 0 TD -0.1514 Tc 0.6514 Tw (ion to flood damage.) Tj 98.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -297.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (2.3.1.2) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0716 Tc -0.1576 Tw ( Hazard Reduction ) Tj 108.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -145.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0736 Tc 0.395 Tw (In addition to reduction of vulnerability, a natural approach to flood damage control can ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0919 Tc 0.4669 Tw (reduce the hazard to those who remain on the floodplain. Changes in the hydrology of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0986 Tc 0.3486 Tw (the riparian system will result in the) Tj 171.75 0 TD -0.0742 Tc 0.5429 Tw ( reduced hazard. Wetlands and natural flood control ) Tj -171.75 -20.25 TD -0.0565 Tc 0.2873 Tw (features reduce the frequency and magnitude of floods $McAllister et al. 2000$ as ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0733 Tc 0.0733 Tw (described in Section ) Tj 99.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (2.3) Tj 15 0 TD -0.0309 Tc 0.0991 Tw (. An unconstricted river will therefore limit damage to property ) Tj -114.75 -21 TD -0.526 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj 16.5 0 TD -0.0063 Tc 0.2563 Tw ( people. Although, property may be inundated despite non) Tj 282.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0524 Tc 0.3024 Tw (structural flood control ) Tj ET endstream endobj 147 0 obj 3936 endobj 148 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 142 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 149 0 R >> endobj 149 0 obj << /Length 150 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (30) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.095 Tc 0.47 Tw (measures, the damage caused by a flood will be far less than damage resulting from the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0585 Tc 0.3585 Tw (breach of structural flood control measures.) Tj 208.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -208.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0898 Tc 0.4648 Tw (In addition, using a natural approach to) Tj 187.5 0 TD -0.0289 Tc 0.2432 Tw ( flood damage control alleviates the upstream ) Tj -187.5 -20.25 TD -0.0512 Tc 0.282 Tw (problems associated with structural flood control as discussed in Section 2.2.1. More ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0658 Tc 0.3337 Tw (communities are protected from severe flood damage as no one region is outside flood ) Tj T* -0.0345 Tc 0.1845 Tw (control structures. Thus the overall,) Tj 173.25 0 TD -0.084 Tc 0.834 Tw ( long) Tj 24 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0971 Tc 0.4304 Tw (term hazard of a region is reduced through the ) Tj -201.75 -20.25 TD -0.0913 Tc 0.3056 Tw (use of a natural approach to flood control.) Tj 200.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -200.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0872 Tc 0.4372 Tw (Given that the risk of flood damage is the product of hazard and vulnerability, the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0662 Tc 0.3787 Tw (decrease in one or both of these functions will reduce flood risk signific) Tj 344.25 0 TD 0.01 Tc -0.01 Tw (antly. The ) Tj -344.25 -21 TD -0.0713 Tc 0.3598 Tw (natural approach to flood control can decrease both the hazard and vulnerability of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0985 Tc 0.6235 Tw (property. Thus this approach is favourable when considering flood risk.) Tj 345.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -345.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (2.3.2) Tj 27 0 TD -0.0545 Tc -0.2815 Tw ( Decreased Long) Tj 90.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.0098 Tc -0.3457 Tw (term Cost) Tj 51.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -174 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0444 Tc 0.1944 Tw (Little data are available regarding the hard costs of a nat) Tj 270 0 TD -0.0576 Tc 0.1826 Tw (ural approach to flood control. ) Tj -270 -21 TD -0.0603 Tc 0.3416 Tw (However, it can be surmised that over the long) Tj 223.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0749 Tc 0.3963 Tw (term the benefits will far outweigh the ) Tj -228 -20.25 TD -0.0675 Tc 0.3675 Tw (costs as compared to a structural approach to flood control. ) Tj 286.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -286.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.066 Tc 0.441 Tw (In the short) Tj 54 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0328 Tc 0.3055 Tw (term, two major expenses can be associated with the use of n) Tj 292.5 0 TD -0.054 Tc -0.696 Tw (atural ) Tj -351 -21 TD -0.059 Tc 0.309 Tw (approaches to flood control:) Tj 134.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -134.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 18 -20.25 TD (1.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.09 Tc 0.3713 Tw (The acquisition or rights of use of appropriate land) Tj 243 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -261 -21 TD (2.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0627 Tc 0.4377 Tw (The construction of rehabilitated wetlands) Tj 201.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -237.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0714 Tc 0.3526 Tw (First, the acquisition of valuable flood plain land is the primary expense. In the Lower ) Tj T* -0.1209 Tc 0.4959 Tw (Fraser Valley much of this land ) Tj 154.5 0 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.8535 Tw (is used for low) Tj 70.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0295 Tc 0.1795 Tw (density residential developments and the ) Tj -229.5 -20.25 TD -0.0572 Tc 0.3456 Tw (remainder for agriculture. A booming population means that both these land uses, but ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.25 Tc 0 Tw (low) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.079 Tc 0.4071 Tw (density housing in particular, are in high demand. The cost of acquiring land to be ) Tj -21.75 -20.25 TD -0.1281 Tc 0.4281 Tw (used as wetland, not for ) Tj 117 0 TD -0.0511 Tc 0.2556 Tw (housing or commercial structures, is thus very high. However, ) Tj ET endstream endobj 150 0 obj 4117 endobj 151 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 142 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 152 0 R >> endobj 152 0 obj << /Length 153 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (31) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0807 Tc 0.3932 Tw (in the Fraser Valley some of the alternative flood plain uses $see ) Tj 312 0 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.0648 Tw (Table ) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.1062 Tc 0.1062 Tw ($ that offer ) Tj -358.5 -21 TD -0.041 Tc 0.3137 Tw (some flood control benefits provide viable options, in particular, the use of) Tj 358.5 0 TD 0.015 Tc -0.015 Tw ( \223flood) Tj 33.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -392.25 -20.25 TD -0.0383 Tc 0.0383 Tw (friendly\224 agriculture. ) Tj 106.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -106.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0701 Tc 0.4451 Tw (Unfortunately, the removal of development from flood plains necessitates the need to re) Tj 421.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -421.5 -21 TD -0.0454 Tc 0.2185 Tw (house flood plain residents elsewhere. The constrictive geography of the Fraser Valley ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0232 Tc 0.3518 Tw (requires that low) Tj 80.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0168 Tc 0.7668 Tw (density non) Tj 54.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0527 Tc 0.0527 Tw (flood plain deve) Tj 78 0 TD -0.0827 Tc 0.364 Tw (lopment occur of the steep valley hillsides. ) Tj -222.75 -20.25 TD -0.0416 Tc 0.2147 Tw (This is both expensive and environmentally damaging. These costs must be carefully ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0089 Tc 0.1161 Tw (weighed against the advantages of a non) Tj 193.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1004 Tc 0.7004 Tw (structural approach to flood damage reduction.) Tj 224.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -422.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0651 Tc 0.3651 Tw (The cost of constructing wetlands will) Tj 183 0 TD -0.0624 Tc 0.3957 Tw ( vary greatly with location. Agricultural lands will ) Tj -183 -21 TD -0.052 Tc 0.2663 Tw (be easier to rehabilitate than paved industrial areas for example. The size and ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0508 Tc 0.2508 Tw (thoroughness of a project will further vary the cost of wetland construction. Hammer et ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0953 Tc 0.3096 Tw (al. $1993$ $in De Laney 1995$ s) Tj 154.5 0 TD -0.0419 Tc 0.2085 Tw (tate that agricultural lands can be changed to effective ) Tj -154.5 -20.25 TD -0.0679 Tc 0.2554 Tw (wetlands at a cost of less than US$ 3,000 per acre. ) Tj 247.5 0 TD 0.0112 Tc -0.0112 Tw (The short) Tj 45 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0943 Tc 0.3943 Tw (term cost of changing the ) Tj -297 -21 TD -0.0732 Tc 0.3732 Tw (landscape for purposes of flood control will depend on the level of restoration. Some ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.099 Tc 0.349 Tw (flood plain use alterna) Tj 106.5 0 TD -0.1352 Tc 0.3852 Tw (tives listed in ) Tj 67.5 0 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.8148 Tw (Table ) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0898 Tc 0.3711 Tw ( would have little or no restoration costs. ) Tj -220.5 -20.25 TD -0.0771 Tc 0.6128 Tw (There is very limited literature describing the short) Tj 243.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1107 Tc 0.5393 Tw (term costs of a natural approach to ) Tj -248.25 -21 TD -0.071 Tc 0.3594 Tw (flood control. A further costs to be considered, is the removal cost o) Tj 330 0 TD -0.1487 Tc 0.3987 Tw (f existing flood ) Tj -330 -20.25 TD -0.0549 Tc 0.3227 Tw (control structures. These structures are found throughout the Fraser Valley, and in some ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0386 Tc 0.2261 Tw (cases will be difficult and therefore expensive to remove.) Tj 274.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -274.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0656 Tc 0.3541 Tw (The financial benefits associated with a natural approach to flood control arise over the) Tj 417.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -417.75 -21 TD -0.084 Tc (long) Tj 20.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0736 Tc 0.4774 Tw (term. Unlike flood control structures, wetlands and floodplains require little or no ) Tj -24.75 -20.25 TD -0.0696 Tc 0.304 Tw (maintenance. In addition, a natural approach has no design life, and should last as an ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0888 Tc 0.5263 Tw (effective measure for flood control in perpetuity. Thus, once the initial c) Tj 349.5 0 TD -0.028 Tc -0.347 Tw (osts of ) Tj -349.5 -21 TD -0.0447 Tc 0.259 Tw (acquisition and rehabilitation are borne, there should be no more major additional costs. ) Tj 427.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -427.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1335 Tw (The City of Napa, California recently began a flood control project that promotes a ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0959 Tc 0.5959 Tw (natural approach to flood control including, the removal of flood) Tj 309.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.2148 Tc (prone) Tj 27 0 TD -0.03 Tc 0.2175 Tw ( properties and the ) Tj -341.25 -21 TD -0.0498 Tc 0.5498 Tw (construction of a multi) Tj 108 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.058 Tc 0.358 Tw (purpose floodway. It estimates that savings of US$20 million will ) Tj ET endstream endobj 153 0 obj 5097 endobj 154 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 142 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 155 0 R >> endobj 155 0 obj << /Length 156 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (32) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0528 Tc 0.3413 Tw (be gained annually by using this new approach instead of traditional structural measures ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0065 Tc 0.0898 Tw ($U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Napa County Flood Contr) Tj 300 0 TD 0.0011 Tc -0.1886 Tw (ol and Water Conservation ) Tj -300 -20.25 TD -0.0622 Tc 0.4083 Tw (District n.d.$. This figure does not include environmental and social benefits resulting ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1044 Tc 0.4794 Tw (from the project.) Tj 79.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -79.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0594 Tc 0.3094 Tw (Although initial costs of a natural approach to flood control may seem prohibitive, over ) Tj T* -0.1071 Tc 0.8571 Tw (the long) Tj 38.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0043 Tc 0.1918 Tw (term costs will be les) Tj 101.25 0 TD -0.0917 Tc 0.5203 Tw (s than those incurred from structural flood control.) 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524.25 0.75 0.75 re f 526.5 524.25 0.75 0.75 re f BT 90 513.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0312 Tc 0.0994 Tw (Wetland restoration provides a full complement of environmental benefits. Although ) Tj T* -0.0607 Tc 0.3941 Tw (other alternatives may not restore historical habitat and biological diver) Tj 342.75 0 TD -0.055 Tc -0.195 Tw (sity, they can ) Tj -342.75 -20.25 TD -0.0268 Tc 0.1518 Tw (enhance environmental quality. For example, \223flood) Tj 253.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0362 Tc 0.0362 Tw (friendly\224 agricultural practices can ) Tj -258 -21 TD -0.0364 Tc 0.2239 Tw (improve habitat potential. Along the Minnesota River, for example, alternative crops ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0624 Tc 0.4033 Tw (such as hay, pasture and tree production will create habitat and i) Tj 307.5 0 TD -0.0094 Tc 0.0094 Tw (ncrease species ) Tj -307.5 -21 TD -0.0432 Tc 0.1682 Tw (composition $American Rivers 1997$. Regardless of the type of natural flood control ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0367 Tc 0.2617 Tw (employed, environmental benefits will be gained, as fewer environmentally damaging ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.036 Tc 0.036 Tw (structures are required.) Tj 109.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -109.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (2.3.4) Tj 27 0 TD -0.0027 Tc -0.3333 Tw ( Additional Benefits) Tj 102 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -129 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0458 Tc -0.0458 Tw (In addition to environmen) Tj 124.5 0 TD -0.0534 Tc 0.2201 Tw (tal improvements, a natural approach to flood control can ) Tj -124.5 -21 TD -0.0438 Tc 0.2938 Tw (create both economic and social benefits. Agricultural and fisheries improvements result ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0369 Tc 0.2619 Tw (from the enhanced environmental conditions. Recreation and education opportunities are ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0267 Tc 0.2767 Tw (well documented in ar) Tj 106.5 0 TD -0.0943 Tc 0.4981 Tw (eas where a natural approach to flood control has been used. And ) Tj -106.5 -20.25 TD -0.0289 Tc 0.1226 Tw (finally, economic revitalization of riparian areas may also occur.) Tj 309 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -309 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (2.3.4.1) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0033 Tc -0.3393 Tw ( Agricultural Benefits) Tj 120.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -157.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0708 Tc 0.4994 Tw (Agriculture in drainage basins that include a natural approach to flood control will benefit ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.459 Tc 1.209 Tw (in tw) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.0864 Tc 0.5364 Tw (o ways. First, erosion along watercourses is minimized. Thus, no valuable land is ) Tj ET endstream endobj 159 0 obj 11756 endobj 160 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 161 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 162 0 R >> endobj 161 0 obj << /Kids [ 160 0 R 164 0 R 167 0 R 170 0 R 173 0 R 176 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 421 0 R >> endobj 162 0 obj << /Length 163 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (34) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0804 Tc 0.3892 Tw (lost to the river. Second, the use of natural storage will improve the reliability of water ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0279 Tc 0.201 Tw (availability $Hunt 1997$. Where wetlands are in place, base flow will be consi) Tj 377.25 0 TD -0.0336 Tc 0.0336 Tw (stent ) Tj -377.25 -20.25 TD -0.0654 Tc 0.4404 Tw (throughout the year. And, flood plains provide opportunity for groundwater recharge; ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0733 Tc 0.3733 Tw (thus water pumped from aquifers for irrigation will also be more reliable. In Malaysia, ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0633 Tc 0.3133 Tw (water discharge from peat swamps is essential for the maintenance of rice p) Tj 363 0 TD -0.041 Tc -0.334 Tw (addies during ) Tj -363 -21 TD -0.0209 Tc 0.0677 Tw (the dry season $Maltby 1991$. In the Turtle Lake area of North Dakota, annual benefit ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0424 Tc 0.2155 Tw (estimates of wetland preservation for agriculture are US$ 114.30 per acre of irrigated ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0398 Tc 0.1762 Tw (land $Piper and Platt 1998$. In the Lower Fraser Valley agriculture) Tj 322.5 0 TD -0.1013 Tc 0.5513 Tw ( has no specific need ) Tj -322.5 -21 TD -0.0832 Tc 0.4832 Tw (for water retention for irrigation. However, this form of irrigation could be used further ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0638 Tc 0.4388 Tw (upstream, in the drier parts of the Fraser Basin, such as the Thompson) Tj 335.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0633 Tc 0.0633 Tw (Nicola and ) Tj -339.75 -21 TD -0.0591 Tc 0 Tw (Cariboo) Tj 38.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0564 Tc 0.3064 Tw (Chilcotin regions $Litke 2001$.) Tj 148.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -191.25 -19.5 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -24.75 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc 0 Tw (2.3.4.2) Tj 36.75 0 TD -0.0318 Tc 0.0708 Tw ( Fisheries Improvem) Tj 116.25 0 TD 0.25 Tc 0 Tw (ent) Tj 18 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -171 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0312 Tc 0.1466 Tw (Fisheries will benefit primarily as a result of improved environmental conditions when a ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0919 Tc 0.4669 Tw (natural approach to flood control is used. There are fewer barriers to fish passage, and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0382 Tc 0.1882 Tw (more suitable habitat is available. For example, Indian Creek, Olympia,) Tj 345.75 0 TD -0.0378 Tc 0.2878 Tw ( Washington has ) Tj -345.75 -20.25 TD -0.1129 Tc 0.5541 Tw (been restored to reduce flood damage. As a result, fish are able to reach upstream habitat ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0694 Tc 0.3908 Tw (that had been unavailable for years, since flood control structures were built on the ) Tj T* -0.0432 Tc 0.2932 Tw (stream $U.S., National Parks Service and Rivers, Trails and Co) Tj 302.25 0 TD -0.0408 Tc 0.0408 Tw (nservation Assistance ) Tj -302.25 -20.25 TD -0.0791 Tc 0.4829 Tw (Program 1996$. Salmon migration from valuable upstream habitat to the lower Fraser ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0404 Tc 0.2279 Tw (River is severely compromised by flood control works $Thomson & Associates and ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0639 Tc 0.3972 Tw (Confluence Environmental Consulting 1999$. A natural approach to flood) Tj 357 0 TD -0.055 Tc 0.305 Tw ( control could ) Tj -357 -21 TD -0.0553 Tc 0.328 Tw (remove some of these barriers to salmon passage in the Lower Mainland.) Tj 351 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -351 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -32.25 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (2.3.4.3) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0234 Tc -0.3594 Tw ( Recreation) Tj 65.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -102 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0248 Tc 0.1748 Tw (Green river corridors and wetlands provide excellent recreation opportunities. Hiking, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0189 Tc 0.1689 Tw (fishing, boating and bird watching are all excellent examples of poss) Tj 330 0 TD -0.0574 Tc 0.0574 Tw (ible recreative ) Tj -330 -20.25 TD -0.0571 Tc 0.2714 Tw (activities in natural water storage areas. The City of Napa\222s recent Flood Protection ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0564 Tc 0.3064 Tw (Project includes pedestrian and bicycle paths along most Napa River banks. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.061 Tc 0.4019 Tw (Additionally, provisions have been made for boat and fishing access along the) Tj 375 0 TD -0.026 Tc 0.026 Tw ( riverbank ) Tj ET endstream endobj 163 0 obj 4423 endobj 164 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 161 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 165 0 R >> endobj 165 0 obj << /Length 166 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (35) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0261 Tc 0.0886 Tw ($U.S., Army Corps of Engineers and Napa County Flood Control and Water ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0382 Tc 0.1989 Tw (Conservation District n.d.$. Woodlands, wetlands, trails and parks can be found along the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0434 Tc 0.2041 Tw (edges of Mingo Creek in Tulsa, Oklahoma as a result of the city\222s \223natural\224 approac) Tj 404.25 0 TD -0.362 Tc 0.737 Tw (h to ) Tj -404.25 -21 TD -0.0383 Tc 0.2113 Tw (flood plain and storm water management $City of Tulsa 1994 and American Rivers ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0583 Tc 0.3708 Tw (1997$. These facilities provide excellent recreation for local citizens and tourists alike.) Tj 417 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -417 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (2.3.4.4) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0177 Tc -0.3537 Tw ( Environmental Education) Tj 147.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -184.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0432 Tc 0.2575 Tw (A natural approach to flood control provides excelle) Tj 251.25 0 TD -0.046 Tc 0.046 Tw (nt educational opportunities. ) Tj -251.25 -21 TD -0.0396 Tc 0.2441 Tw (Environmental education can be realised through interpretive signs along natural river ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.044 Tc 0.2315 Tw (and wetland systems. For example, the Dungeness River Greenway Project in ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0278 Tc 0.1349 Tw (Washington State promotes environmental education. Using their) Tj 316.5 0 TD -0.1001 Tc 0.6626 Tw ( natural flood control ) Tj -316.5 -21 TD -0.0856 Tc 0.4137 Tw (project they hope to educate the public about \223the nature and the dynamics of the river ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.05 Tc 0.3625 Tw (system including landowners\222 rights, land use practices affecting the rivers\222 water quality ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0788 Tc 0.5074 Tw (and habitat value, and fisheries and wildlife issues\224) Tj 246 0 TD -0.0205 Tc 0.1455 Tw ( $National Parks Service and Rivers, ) Tj -246 -21 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.0106 Tw (Trails and Conservation Assistance Program 1996$. ) Tj 250.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -250.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (2.3.4.5) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0136 Tc -0.3496 Tw ( Economic Revitalization) Tj 141 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -177.75 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0636 Tc 0.385 Tw (Although direct economic gains from a natural approach for flood control are difficult to ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0413 Tc 0.4913 Tw (assess, many communities list economic revitalizati) Tj 248.25 0 TD -0.0692 Tc 0.2835 Tw (on as a benefit of natural flood ) Tj -248.25 -21 TD -0.0408 Tc 0.1814 Tw (control. For example, a flood control project at Grand Junction, along the shores of the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0626 Tc 0.3305 Tw (Colorado River, improved industrial and business areas by providing a river focus in the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0099 Tc 0.0099 Tw (downtown core $U.S., National Parks Service ) Tj 221.25 0 TD -0.0155 Tc -0.1345 Tw (and Rivers, Trails and Conservation ) Tj -221.25 -20.25 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.2814 Tw (Assistance Program 1996$. The restoration and relocation of Grafton, Illinois for flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0414 Tc 0.2459 Tw (control encouraged tourism development $U.S., National Parks Service and Rivers, Trails ) Tj T* -0.0453 Tc 0.2328 Tw (and Conservation Assistance Program 1996$.) 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TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -117 -12 TD /F8 9.75 Tf 0.015 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 13.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1426 Tc 0.0449 Tw (Environmental education ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.08 Tc 0 Tw (opportunities) Tj 53.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -71.25 -12 TD /F8 9.75 Tf 0.015 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 13.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.0574 Tc 0.5051 Tw (Economic revitalization) Tj 95.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 94.5 457.5 94.5 0.75 re f 189 457.5 0.75 0.75 re f 189.75 457.5 170.25 0.75 re f 360 457.5 0.75 0.75 re f 360.75 457.5 170.25 0.75 re f 94.5 372.75 94.5 1.5 re f 189 374.25 0.75 83.25 re f 189 372.75 1.5 1.5 re f 190.5 372.75 169.5 1.5 re f 360 374.25 0.75 83.25 re f 360 372.75 1.5 1.5 re f 361.5 372.75 169.5 1.5 re f BT 90 362.25 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0637 Tc 0.3851 Tw (Flooding is a natural process, which occurs in every river system. 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Unfortunately, planners ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0429 Tc 0.3763 Tw (and engineers often underestimate the full benefits of a non) Tj 284.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0389 Tc 0.2264 Tw (structural approach to flood ) Tj -288.75 -20.25 TD -0.0353 Tc 0.2398 Tw (damage reduction, as, the benefits of this approach are cumulative and long) Tj 361.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0492 Tc (term.) Tj ET endstream endobj 169 0 obj 11248 endobj 170 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 161 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 171 0 R >> endobj 171 0 obj << /Length 172 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (37) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -199.5 632.25 TD /F3 14.25 Tf 0.0272 Tc -0.2387 Tw (Chapter 3: ) Tj 72.75 0 TD -0.1022 Tc 0.0407 Tw (Implementing Natural Approaches: Policy Options ) Tj 82.5 -15.75 TD -0.0376 Tc -0.1739 Tw (and Obstacles) Tj 96.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.2115 Tw ( ) Tj -48 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -155.25 -12 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1429 Tc 0.3304 Tw (\223One of the most difficult challenges is policy formation in the face of ) Tj 63 -19.5 TD -0.1308 Tc 0.3183 Tw (uncertainty $Dovers and Handmer 1995$\224) Tj 183.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -307.5 -18 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0302 Tc 0.1969 Tw (This chapter explores numerous policy obstacles and alternatives to achie) Tj 353.25 0 TD -0.1282 Tc 0.5032 Tw (ving natural ) Tj -353.25 -20.25 TD -0.0936 Tc 0.4151 Tw (flood damage reduction in the Lower Fraser Valley.) Tj 248.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -248.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0552 Tc 0.3436 Tw (Flood policy is a difficult subject, especially when ecological values are taken into ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0476 Tc 0.2976 Tw (consideration. Policies should accommodate the needs of both safeguarding human life ) Tj T* -0.0405 Tc 0.2905 Tw (and property, and t) Tj 90.75 0 TD -0.0721 Tc 0.3606 Tw (he ecological need for habitat and a disturbance regime. For the most ) Tj -90.75 -20.25 TD -0.068 Tc 0.3565 Tw (part, historical flood policy has focussed on safeguarding human life and property with ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0312 Tc 0.1562 Tw (flood control structures $Haeuber and Michener 1998b$. Growing concerns about this ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.066 Tc 0.066 Tw (approach, as ) Tj 62.25 0 TD -0.0346 Tc 0.2391 Tw (outlined in Chapter 2, require that policy makers consider new approaches ) Tj -62.25 -21 TD -0.1193 Tc 0.8693 Tw (of flood management.) Tj 105 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -105 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc (3.1) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD -0.0308 Tc -0.3052 Tw (Policy Obstacles) Tj 95.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -131.25 -15.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0064 Tc 0.2436 Tw (The benefits of non) Tj 93 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0527 Tc 0.3027 Tw (structural approaches to flood damage reduction are numerous, yet ) Tj -97.5 -21 TD -0.0489 Tc 0.2631 Tw (flood structures continue to be built throughout Canada.) Tj 267.75 0 TD -0.1332 Tc 0.4665 Tw ( This is in part due to the ) Tj -267.75 -20.25 TD -0.0248 Tc 0.2294 Tw (numerous obstacles that exist for policy makers opting to pursue a non) Tj 338.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0324 Tc 0.0324 Tw (structural ) Tj -342.75 -21 TD -0.0813 Tc 0.4274 Tw (approach to flood damage reduction. These include high flood plain land values, complex ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0499 Tc 0.2642 Tw (land ownership issues, multiple jurisdiction problems, a ) Tj 270.75 0 TD -0.0787 Tc 0.4537 Tw (general lack of information, ) Tj -270.75 -21 TD -0.0677 Tc 0.4086 Tw (social costs and the difficulty involved with making policy decisions under uncertainty.) Tj 419.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -419.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (3.1.1) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0369 Tc -0.2979 Tw ( High Flood Plain Land Values Resulting from Historic Development ) Tj 362.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -389.25 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0327 Tc 0.1827 Tw (The concept of \223serial engineering,\224 first discussed in the context o) Tj 323.25 0 TD -0.1496 Tc 0.5246 Tw (f increased risk to ) Tj -323.25 -21 TD -0.0621 Tc 0.3506 Tw (those behind structural flood controls, creates an impediment to a natural approach to ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0478 Tc 0.2478 Tw (flood damage reduction by greatly raising the value of property on flood plains. Flat ) Tj ET endstream endobj 172 0 obj 3979 endobj 173 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 161 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 174 0 R >> endobj 174 0 obj << /Length 175 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (38) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0.082 Tw (lands that are ) Tj 66 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.1307 Tc 0 Tw (protected) Tj 46.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0091 Tc 0.0091 Tw ( by structures attract development, wh) Tj 183 0 TD -0.093 Tc 0.243 Tw (ich increases the value of ) Tj -295.5 -21 TD -0.0955 Tc 0.4484 Tw (flood plain lands for two reasons. First, flood plain property that is attractive for its many ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0541 Tc 0.2849 Tw (natural values, for example shallow slopes and access to water, becomes even more ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0897 Tc 0.4647 Tw (desirable when it is deemed safe from flood damage.) Tj 252.75 0 TD -0.0523 Tc 0.3023 Tw ( Development pressures in the ) Tj -252.75 -20.25 TD -0.049 Tc 0.3218 Tw (Lower Fraser Valley have made flood plain lands prohibitively expensive. Second, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0447 Tc 0.2447 Tw (increased development raises the price of flood plain land as the cost of buildings and ) Tj T* -0.0463 Tc 0.213 Tw (structures are generally added to the price of the land.) Tj 257.25 0 TD -0.1068 Tc 0.4818 Tw ( The high price of flood plain ) Tj -257.25 -20.25 TD -0.0562 Tc 0.3062 Tw (property creates an obstacle for those wishing to purchase the land for various types of ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.25 Tc 0 Tw (non) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0491 Tc 0.1991 Tw (structural approaches to flood damage reduction.) Tj 234 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -255.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (3.1.2) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0268 Tc -0.2556 Tw ( Private Property Rights Versus Common Property Resources) Tj 328.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -355.5 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0.2695 Tw (A further obstacle to ) Tj 101.25 0 TD -0.0872 Tc 0.4622 Tw (the use of flood plain lands for water retention is complex land ) Tj -101.25 -20.25 TD -0.0494 Tc 0.2802 Tw (ownership issues. In North America, in particular, private land ownership is considered ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1085 Tc 0.5304 Tw (an ultimate right; landowners have the entitlement to do what they will with the land they ) Tj T* -0.102 Tc -0.148 Tw (\223own\224. In ) Tj 53.25 0 TD -0.069 Tc 0.3815 Tw (many cases this has meant draining land for agriculture or development and ) Tj -53.25 -20.25 TD -0.0671 Tc 0.3885 Tw (protecting land from further inundation with dikes and levees for the benefit of the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.054 Tc 0.304 Tw (private property owner. These changes to the land necessarily cause negative ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.0106 Tc -0.0106 Tw (externalities down) Tj 87.75 0 TD -0.0594 Tc 0.3321 Tw (stream. For example, as Doris Wilson, owner of a flooded home ) Tj -87.75 -21 TD -0.0617 Tc 0.3295 Tw (explained to a U.S. Congressional Testimony in 1997, the drainage of a nearby wetland ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.2991 Tw (by a developer directly worsened the impact of a flood on her property, by removing the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1309 Tc 0.6309 Tw (sponge which had pre) Tj 105 0 TD -0.0776 Tc 0.411 Tw (viously soaked up flood waters $Schildgen 1999$. Private ) Tj -105 -21 TD -0.0871 Tc 0.4371 Tw (ownership of land often results in land use choices that benefit the owner, but have ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0463 Tc 0.3463 Tw (negative consequences for the larger community.) Tj 235.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -235.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1457 Tc 0.5743 Tw (The use of private land for the common good is not a part of the) Tj 306.75 0 TD -0.0303 Tc 0.2178 Tw ( North American culture. ) Tj -306.75 -21 TD -0.0638 Tc 0.6638 Tw (Donald Hey noted $Environmental Review 1996$:) Tj 240 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -240 -21 TD ( ) Tj 36 -19.5 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 1.0412 Tw (We must change our attitude about land ownership to say that when you buy a ) Tj 0 -19.5 TD -0.0847 Tc 1.6315 Tw (parcel of land, you buy not only the resources but the liabilities of that land. ) Tj 0 -18.75 TD -0.1832 Tc 1.1207 Tw (Therefore, if your land st) Tj 112.5 0 TD -0.1755 Tc 1.0505 Tw (ores water, you have to keep it there, and if it provides ) Tj ET endstream endobj 175 0 obj 4231 endobj 176 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 161 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 177 0 R >> endobj 177 0 obj << /Length 178 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (39) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -175.5 647.25 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0694 Tc 0.2569 Tw (wildlife habitat for a fugitive resource that is an endangered species, you have to ) Tj 0 -18.75 TD -0.1536 Tc 1.6911 Tw (keep it there or make sure it is provided someplace on your property of equal ) Tj 0 -19.5 TD -0.071 Tc 0 Tw (significance.) Tj 56.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -56.25 -19.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -20.25 TD -0.1213 Tc 0.4963 Tw (Clearly, water retent) Tj 98.25 0 TD -0.0838 Tc 0.3145 Tw (ion must be viewed as a common property resource, if the use of ) Tj -98.25 -21 TD -0.0917 Tc 0.4667 Tw (structural flood control is to be reduced.) Tj 191.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -191.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (3.1.3) Tj 27 0 TD -0.3024 Tc 0.7164 Tw ( Inter) Tj 27 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.0755 Tc -0.4115 Tw (Jurisdictional Complexity) Tj 132 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -189.75 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0529 Tc 0.3029 Tw (The nature of floods requires complex decision making processes to create effective ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0302 Tc -0.0302 Tw (management. Rivers and theref) Tj 152.25 0 TD -0.0499 Tc 0.2999 Tw (ore floods do not conform to jurisdictional boundaries. ) Tj -152.25 -20.25 TD -0.0885 Tc 0.5385 Tw (Effective flood management requires the co) Tj 209.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.0058 Tc -0.0058 Tw (operation of all stakeholders within a ) Tj -213.75 -21 TD -0.0324 Tc 0.1478 Tw (watershed. However, along any given river there can be numerous National, Provincial, ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.0124 Tc -0.0124 Tw (Regional and Municipal jurisdi) Tj 149.25 0 TD -0.0758 Tc 0.4508 Tw (ctions, all of which will have differing goals with regards ) Tj -149.25 -21 TD -0.0399 Tc 0.2445 Tw (to flood management. Conflicts can arise between upstream and downstream ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0578 Tc 0.3078 Tw (communities when flooding occurs.) Tj 171 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -171 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0441 Tc 0.1941 Tw (Beginning in the 1940s, the Ontario Provincial government created Conservation ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1147 Tc 0 Tw (Authorit) Tj 40.5 0 TD -0.0968 Tc 0.4718 Tw (ies, whose role is to facilitate co) Tj 153.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0143 Tc -0.1357 Tw (ordination between Municipal and Provincial ) Tj -198.75 -21 TD -0.0469 Tc 0.154 Tw (governments on a watershed basis $Boyd, Smith and Veale 1999$. This type of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0639 Tc 0.3764 Tw (arrangement allows for more effective flood plain management, as dialogue within and ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.151 Tc 0.151 Tw (between local ) Tj 69 0 TD -0.0462 Tc 0.2337 Tw (and regional governments can occur. For example, Boyd, Smith and Veale ) Tj -69 -21 TD -0.0775 Tc 0.4813 Tw ($1999$ note that the efforts of the Grand River Conservation Authority have reduced ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0571 Tc 0.3659 Tw (flood damages over the life span of the authority, in part due to the increased use of non) Tj 421.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -421.5 -21 TD -0.082 Tc (structura) Tj 42 0 TD -0.1053 Tc 0.6053 Tw (l flood control measures.) Tj 118.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -160.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.054 Tc 0.2683 Tw (The Fraser Basin Council has created a similar initiative along the Fraser River to ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0601 Tc 0.401 Tw (facilitate an integrated approach to flood hazard management $Fraser Basin Council ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0533 Tc 0.2578 Tw (1998$. The process is being overseen by a Joint Program Commi) Tj 313.5 0 TD -0.1473 Tc 0.5973 Tw (ttee, which is made up ) Tj -313.5 -21 TD -0.0525 Tc 0.2832 Tw (of 37 members from Federal, Provincial, Regional, Municipal and First Nations groups. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0474 Tc 0.2349 Tw (Further to the Joint Program Committee, there are five subcommittees looking at ) Tj ET endstream endobj 178 0 obj 4016 endobj 179 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 180 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 181 0 R >> endobj 180 0 obj << /Kids [ 179 0 R 183 0 R 186 0 R 189 0 R 192 0 R 195 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 421 0 R >> endobj 181 0 obj << /Length 182 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (40) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0518 Tc 0.5206 Tw (different aspects of flood hazard management, varying from traditi) Tj 319.5 0 TD -0.0111 Tc -0.2389 Tw (onal river engineering ) Tj -319.5 -21 TD -0.1065 Tc 0.5035 Tw (to land use planning to public education. Each of these subcommittees is made up of a ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0523 Tc 0.2254 Tw (cross section of participants. The Integrated Flood Hazard Management Process is using ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1567 Tc 0 Tw (consensus) Tj 48 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0726 Tc 0.394 Tw (based decision making to plan and formulate poli) Tj 236.25 0 TD -0.0828 Tc 0.6453 Tw (cy recommendations that will ) Tj -288.75 -20.25 TD -0.0362 Tc 0.2237 Tw (eventually be tabled before appropriate governments $Litke 1999$. Although the process ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0894 Tc 0.5715 Tw (is in its initial stages, several important steps have been realised in achieving the long) Tj 409.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -409.5 -21 TD -0.0786 Tc 0.4 Tw (term goal of \223full implementation of an integrat) Tj 228 0 TD -0.0769 Tc 0.5769 Tw (ed flood hazard management strategy to ) Tj -228 -20.25 TD -0.0919 Tc 0.5534 Tw (ensure minimal impact from the next great Fraser River flood\224 $Fraser Basin Council ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.041 Tc 0 Tw (2000$.) Tj 30.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -30.75 -18.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0264 Tc 0.3076 Tw (Administrative complexity is a surmountable obstacle to a non) Tj 300 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.057 Tc 0.307 Tw (structural approach to ) Tj -304.5 -20.25 TD -0.0697 Tc 0.3197 Tw (flood damage reduction. Through the cre) Tj 198.75 0 TD -0.0137 Tc 0.1637 Tw (ation of appropriate communication channels, ) Tj -198.75 -21 TD -0.0193 Tc 0.0193 Tw (such as Ontario\222s Conservation Authorities and the Fraser Basin Council\222s Joint Program ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0391 Tc 0.1891 Tw (Committee, administrative issues can be overcome.) Tj 246 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -246 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (3.1.4) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0167 Tc -0.3527 Tw ( Responsibility) Tj 76.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -103.5 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.055 Tc 0.3764 Tw (Ownership of the responsibility for flood control matte) Tj 263.25 0 TD -0.0182 Tc -0.1318 Tw (rs creates difficult problems when ) Tj -263.25 -21 TD -0.0273 Tc 0.4023 Tw (considering the long) Tj 97.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0553 Tc 0.2803 Tw (term approach required for natural flood control. Problems arise ) Tj -102 -21 TD -0.0971 Tc 0.3971 Tw (primarily from a lack of co) Tj 129 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0502 Tc 0.3716 Tw (ordination amongst different levels of government, from ) Tj -133.5 -20.25 TD -0.0551 Tc 0.2694 Tw (confusing and varied incentives programs, and the ) Tj 244.5 0 TD -0.103 Tc 0.4245 Tw (lack of a single body guiding flood ) Tj -244.5 -21 TD -0.0797 Tc 0.5297 Tw (management issues. Flood management can fall under numerous government ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0413 Tc 0.3413 Tw (departments: agriculture, water supply, transport, industry, and environment for example ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0299 Tc 0.1132 Tw ($WWF European Freshwater Program 2000$. In order to create) Tj 304.5 0 TD -0.0398 Tc 0.2273 Tw ( an effective flood ) Tj -304.5 -21 TD -0.0518 Tc 0.0518 Tw (management system, co) Tj 114 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0669 Tc 0.4955 Tw (operation within individual governments, and among various ) Tj -118.5 -20.25 TD -0.0468 Tc 0.2343 Tw (levels of government, are required.) Tj 167.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -167.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0739 Tc 0.3864 Tw (Mixed messages regarding flood control policy occur largely because \223all levels of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.091 Tc 0.466 Tw (government are involved but no one ) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0444 Tc 0.1694 Tw (is truly accountable\224 $Shrubsole 2000$. ) Tj -177 -21 TD -0.019 Tc 0.0872 Tw (Environment Canada and The Ontario Federation of Naturalists $1987$ note that ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1971 Tw (\223coordination and communication within and among governments remains inadequate\224 ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0634 Tc 0.5321 Tw (with regards to wetland management. In addition, variou) Tj 274.5 0 TD -0.0111 Tc 0.1986 Tw (s incentives programs conflict. ) Tj ET endstream endobj 182 0 obj 4548 endobj 183 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 180 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 184 0 R >> endobj 184 0 obj << /Length 185 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (41) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0508 Tc 0.3008 Tw (In both the U.S. and Canada, some government incentives encourage flood plain ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0261 Tc 0.1625 Tw (development, whereas other government programs aim to protect flood plains, wetlands ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0394 Tc 0.2269 Tw (and other riparian areas $American Rivers 1997; Canada, Envir) Tj 303 0 TD -0.013 Tc 0.013 Tw (onment Canada 1987$. ) Tj 120.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -423.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0608 Tc 0.2751 Tw (In Canada the effective abandonment of the ) Tj 212.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.009 Tc -0.009 Tw (FDR Program) Tj 69.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1924 Tc 0.6924 Tw ( left a void in flood ) Tj -282 -21 TD -0.0432 Tc 0.2307 Tw (management policy. Shrubsole $2000$ notes that once the Federal government stopped ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0996 Tc 0.0996 Tw (funding the ) Tj 57 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.084 Tc -0.084 Tw (FDR Program) Tj 70.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1157 Tc 0.5324 Tw (, no other level of government jumped in to fil) Tj 222.75 0 TD -0.1973 Tc 0.4473 Tw (l the gap. ) Tj 46.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -396.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0597 Tc 0.3275 Tw (Further problems exist when the benefits of structural flood control are felt locally, and ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0494 Tc 0.2494 Tw (the costs are distributed more widely. This is evident particularly at the Municipal and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0399 Tc 0.2649 Tw (Federal levels. Where, revenue benefits are gained at the Mun) Tj 300.75 0 TD -0.058 Tc 0.2455 Tw (icipal level whereas the ) Tj -300.75 -21 TD -0.0449 Tc 0.2949 Tw (Provincial and Federal governments incur flood damage costs. For example, municipal ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0863 Tc 0.4145 Tw (tax revenue from areas that have been zoned to eliminate or reduce flood damage will be ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0803 Tc 0.3303 Tw (less than for areas that are densely developed. Additiona) Tj 273.75 0 TD -0.0868 Tc 0.4618 Tw (lly, should extensive flood ) Tj -273.75 -20.25 TD -0.0147 Tc 0.0724 Tw (damage occur, Provincial and Federal aid tends to be awarded despite flood plain ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.3648 Tw (designations. A very small percentage of the Lower Fraser Valley has been designated a ) Tj T* -0.115 Tc 0.49 Tw (flood plain under the ) Tj 102.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.009 Tc -0.009 Tw (FDR Program) Tj 69.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0087 Tc 0.1788 Tw (; disaster relief is there) Tj 110.25 0 TD -0.0926 Tc 0.3069 Tw (fore be paid out to flood plain ) Tj -282.75 -20.25 TD -0.0367 Tc 0.1867 Tw (dwellers. Thus, although the costs of flood plain development are borne by Federal and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0685 Tc 0.381 Tw (Provincial governments, financial benefits are gained at the Regional and Municipal level ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0277 Tc 0.0277 Tw (and by private developers.) Tj 126 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -126 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (3.1.5) Tj 27 0 TD -0.0688 Tc -0.0172 Tw ( Lack of Informati) Tj 91.5 0 TD 0.0205 Tc -0.2065 Tw (on $Publics, Policy Makers and Researchers$) Tj 239.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -357.75 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0681 Tc 0.4967 Tw (A large obstacle to the initiation of non) Tj 187.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0805 Tc 0.3617 Tw (structural flood control projects is the lack of ) Tj -192 -21 TD -0.0679 Tc 0.3893 Tw (information available to publics and policy makers. Although research in the field has ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0667 Tc 0.2167 Tw (improved over the last decade, t) Tj 153 0 TD -0.144 Tc 0.669 Tw (he impact of this new information has not had a ) Tj -153 -21 TD -0.0409 Tc 0.2284 Tw (substantive effect on flood management $Haeuber and Michener 1998$.) Tj 342 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -342 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0645 Tc 0.3324 Tw (The major concern surrounding public knowledge is the ignorance of flood risk. For ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0666 Tc 0.3479 Tw (example, only 28% of Credit River flood plain homeowner) Tj 283.5 0 TD -0.0168 Tc -0.1082 Tw (s responding to a 1991 survey ) Tj -283.5 -20.25 TD -0.0522 Tc 0.2829 Tw (in Glen Williams, Ontario perceived a risk of future flooding of their properties ) Tj ET endstream endobj 185 0 obj 4367 endobj 186 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 180 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 187 0 R >> endobj 187 0 obj << /Length 188 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (42) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0599 Tc 0.3932 Tw ($Kreutzwiser, Woodley and Shrubsole 1994$. The flood memory half) Tj 334.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.1278 Tc 0.6278 Tw (life is notoriously ) Tj -339.75 -21 TD -0.0486 Tc 0.3819 Tw (short, even amongst those who live directly adjacent to ri) Tj 274.5 0 TD -0.0984 Tc 0.0984 Tw (vers. ) Tj 25.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -300 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0602 Tc 0.3102 Tw (A further problem in shifting away from structural flood control, is the sense of comfort ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0404 Tc 0.2011 Tw (provided by solid engineering structures, even if this confidence is illusory. Dams and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0551 Tc 0.2801 Tw (levees have been used as a traditional defence against rising rivers;) Tj 320.25 0 TD -0.0032 Tc 0.1907 Tw ( such structures are ) Tj -320.25 -21 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.6648 Tw (easily understood. Whereas, a non) Tj 167.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0419 Tc 0.2294 Tw (structural approach to flood control requires a greater ) Tj -171.75 -20.25 TD -0.0357 Tc 0.2023 Tw (understanding of numerous river processes. In the Prior Lake) Tj 296.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0423 Tc 0.0423 Tw (Spring Lake Watershed ) Tj -300.75 -21 TD -0.0388 Tc 0.3603 Tw (District of Minnesota, local residents originally objected t) Tj 276.75 0 TD -0.0824 Tc 0.2324 Tw (o an integrated flood plan ) Tj -276.75 -20.25 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.7598 Tw (incorporating non) Tj 84.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0407 Tc 0.2907 Tw (structural measures. However, once the hydrologic processes were ) Tj -89.25 -21 TD -0.0594 Tc 0.4761 Tw (properly explained, residents overwhelmingly supported the proposed flood management ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0436 Tc 0.1936 Tw (plan $Nelson, Whiteford and Gontarek 2000$. A well educate) Tj 299.25 0 TD -0.114 Tc 0.489 Tw (d public will not only help ) Tj -299.25 -20.25 TD -0.0275 Tc 0.4025 Tw (political strategies that promote non) Tj 171.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0867 Tc 0.42 Tw (structural flood control, but may in fact be the ) Tj -176.25 -21 TD -0.0868 Tc 0.4868 Tw (impetus for a change movement from structural works. Publics have been the catalyst for ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0631 Tc 0.3845 Tw (policy change in some instances where, after repeate) Tj 252 0 TD -0.0875 Tc 0.4625 Tw (d flood damage, awareness of flood ) Tj -252 -21 TD -0.0886 Tc 0.3886 Tw (management issues was raised. ) Tj 154.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -154.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0688 Tc 0.3688 Tw (A third problem relating to a lack of understanding among flood plain residents is the ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0138 Tc -0.0138 Tw (concept of post) Tj 72.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0489 Tc 0.2535 Tw (disaster payments. Flood plain residents often falsely assume that senior ) Tj -77.25 -20.25 TD -0.2673 Tc 1.0173 Tw (level gove) Tj 49.5 0 TD -0.0373 Tc 0.2419 Tw (rnments will automatically alleviate damage costs after flooding events. This ) Tj -49.5 -21 TD -0.0874 Tc 0.4965 Tw (is not the case, in B.C. there are clear guidelines for post) Tj 270.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0953 Tc 0.4703 Tw (disaster payments as laid out in ) Tj -275.25 -21 TD -0.0242 Tc 0.2287 Tw (the Disaster Financial Assistance $DFA$ arrangements. Many incurred damage costs a) Tj 417 0 TD -0.162 Tc 0.162 Tw (re ) Tj -417 -20.25 TD -0.0663 Tc 0.3163 Tw (not eligible for financial assistance, and there is a $100 000 cap on payments to ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0675 Tc 0.389 Tw (individuals or businesses, as such homeowners are financially liable for a portion of flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0376 Tc 0.2421 Tw (damage $Canada. Emergency Preparedness Canada 1998$. Of particular note is pro) Tj 401.25 0 TD 0.018 Tc -0.768 Tw (perty ) Tj -401.25 -21 TD -0.0687 Tc 0.2562 Tw (built on flood plains post) Tj 119.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0645 Tc 0.4811 Tw (designation. These properties are not eligible for any post) Tj 279 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -402.75 -21 TD -0.052 Tc 0.225 Tw (disaster payments, placing the financial burden of flood damage solely on the property ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0565 Tc 0.3779 Tw (owner. Historical pay outs by senior level governments have led to the cu) Tj 358.5 0 TD -0.0176 Tc -0.3574 Tw (rrent situation ) Tj -358.5 -21 TD -0.0706 Tc 0.4456 Tw (where flood plain dwellers are unaware of their personal liability for flood damages.) Tj 404.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -404.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 188 0 obj 4736 endobj 189 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 180 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 190 0 R >> endobj 190 0 obj << /Length 191 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (43) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0678 Tc 0.3893 Tw (A further challenge for politicians is the lack of substantive tangible products that result ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0111 Tc 0.7611 Tw (from non) Tj 43.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0503 Tc 0.3717 Tw (traditional methods of flood control. \223Dams are pla) Tj 246 0 TD -0.048 Tc 0.048 Tw (queable\224; they can be an ) Tj -294 -20.25 TD -0.0251 Tc 0.3465 Tw (excellent boost to any politician\222s ego, whereas non) Tj 248.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0748 Tc 0.3748 Tw (structural flood management tends to ) Tj -252.75 -21 TD -0.0127 Tc 0.0127 Tw (remove \223plaqueable\224 buildings $Schildgen 1999$.) Tj 237.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -237.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0871 Tc 0.6063 Tw (Policy makers are faced with a difficult challenge in their efforts to initiate non) Tj 378.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.0112 Tc (structur) Tj 36.75 0 TD -0.207 Tc -0.543 Tw (al ) Tj -420 -21 TD -0.0395 Tc 0.244 Tw (approaches to flood management. Primarily because public support for poorly ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.006 Tc 0.756 Tw (understood non) Tj 73.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0322 Tc 0.2822 Tw (structural flood control projects will be low. The success of any non) Tj 329.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -407.25 -21 TD -0.0452 Tc 0.2952 Tw (structural flood control project requires a high level of knowledge and understanding ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.168 Tc 0 Tw (from) Tj 22.5 0 TD -0.0744 Tc 0.4244 Tw ( both the publics and policy makers. Therefore, it is important to educate both these ) Tj -22.5 -21 TD -0.0335 Tc 0.2066 Tw (groups about riparian processes and the advantages associated with a holistic approach to ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.072 Tc 0.822 Tw (flood management.) Tj 92.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -92.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (3.1.6) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0169 Tc -0.3529 Tw ( Current Decision Analysis Frameworks) Tj 209.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -236.25 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1623 Tc 0.7248 Tw (At this time, flood ma) Tj 105.75 0 TD -0.0601 Tc 0.2744 Tw (nagement decisions are commonly made using a benefit) Tj 267.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0308 Tc 0.0308 Tw (cost type ) Tj -378 -20.25 TD -0.039 Tc 0.1997 Tw (analysis. All too often this type of analysis excludes negative and positive externalities ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0158 Tc 0.0158 Tw (associated with policy options. Straightforward, benefit) Tj 268.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0615 Tc 0.3615 Tw (cost analyses will nearly always ) Tj -273 -20.25 TD 0.122 Tc -0.122 Tw (cause stru) Tj 47.25 0 TD -0.0166 Tc 0.0166 Tw (ctural solutions to be advantageous, as the numerous environmental ) Tj -47.25 -21 TD -0.0353 Tc 0.2853 Tw (externalities are not considered in such calculations. Additionally, long) Tj 343.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.054 Tc 0.054 Tw (term costs are ) Tj -348 -20.25 TD -0.0296 Tc 0.2296 Tw (rarely considered, as time horizons tend to be limited to a couple of decades. Non) Tj 393.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -393.75 -21 TD -0.1183 Tc 0.8683 Tw (structural floo) Tj 66.75 0 TD -0.0046 Tc 0.2546 Tw (d control options, which have high short) Tj 194.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0591 Tc 0.2091 Tw (term costs and numerous positive ) Tj -265.5 -21 TD -0.0565 Tc 0.2708 Tw (externalities, are rarely favoured in this type of analysis $American Rivers 1997$. New ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0201 Tc 0.3951 Tw (analysis options that include non) Tj 156.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.1275 Tc 0.5962 Tw (monetized externalities must be used if the full ) Tj -162 -21 TD -0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (advantages) Tj 52.5 0 TD 0.1008 Tc 0.2742 Tw ( of non) Tj 33.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0397 Tc 0.254 Tw (structural flood control options are to be realized.) Tj 237 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -327.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (3.1.7) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0365 Tc -0.3725 Tw ( Social Costs) Tj 69.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -96.75 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0782 Tc 0.5157 Tw (Allowing flood waters to inundate flood plains in developed regions, necessarily means ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0322 Tc 0.1476 Tw (disrupting people. The social costs associated with removing homes and businesses out ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.042 Tc 0.708 Tw (of th) Tj 21.75 0 TD -0.0365 Tc 0.1519 Tw (e flood plain can be an overwhelming obstacle for policy makers concerned with ) Tj ET endstream endobj 191 0 obj 4799 endobj 192 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 180 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 193 0 R >> endobj 193 0 obj << /Length 194 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (44) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0585 Tc 0.3585 Tw (public opinion. However, it can be argued that social capacity will benefit in the long) Tj 411.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -411.75 -21 TD -0.0575 Tc 0.3575 Tw (term, as, the new community will be less vulnerable to flood events. And therefore will) Tj 421.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -421.5 -20.25 TD -0.0491 Tc 0.2991 Tw (experience fewer social disruptions.) Tj 171.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -171.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (3.1.8) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0299 Tw ( Difficulty of Policy Making Under Uncertainty) Tj 238.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -265.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1087 Tc 0.6444 Tw (A final, yet very important, obstacle to flood management is the difficulty involved in ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0141 Tc 0.1505 Tw (creating policy under uncertainty $Dovers and Handmer 1995$. The risks associate) Tj 399 0 TD -0.0672 Tc -0.3078 Tw (d with ) Tj -399 -20.25 TD -0.0498 Tc 0.2263 Tw (floods are often difficult to quantify and are uncertain at the best of times. There is ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.045 Tc 0.245 Tw (uncertainty in both the probable intensity and timing of flood events. Any changes to the ) Tj T* -0.0954 Tc 0.5727 Tw (level of risk that may arise from human interventions, as discussed in) Tj 332.25 0 TD -0.0475 Tc 0.0475 Tw ( Chapter 2, add ) Tj -332.25 -20.25 TD -0.0637 Tc 0.4098 Tw (another level of uncertainty to the probability of flooding. Government expenditure is ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0587 Tc 0.3087 Tw (difficult to justify when benefits may never be realised, and will most probably not be ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0717 Tc 0.3717 Tw (realised during the current governmental term. This problem is ) Tj 306.75 0 TD 0.0022 Tc -0.0022 Tw (exacerbated by the ) Tj -306.75 -21 TD -0.1104 Tc 0.8604 Tw (relatively short flood memory half) Tj 164.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.088 Tc 0.388 Tw (life. Even, in regions which are highly vulnerable to ) Tj -169.5 -21 TD -0.0882 Tc 0.4882 Tw (damaging floods, such as the Lower Fraser Valley, flooding is not at the forefront of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0402 Tc 0.2068 Tw (public concern except during periods of flood threat. Increa) Tj 288 0 TD -0.0273 Tc 0.2148 Tw (sed levels of awareness ) Tj -288 -21 TD -0.0737 Tc 0.4487 Tw (amongst publics and policy makers through various adjustments to floods can improve ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0773 Tc 0.4811 Tw (this situation, thus giving policy makers a strong mandate to tackle flood management ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1311 Tc 0 Tw (issues.) Tj 30.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -30.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -25.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.0323 Tc -0.2198 Tw (Table ) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.2467 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.375 Tc (1) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0.1357 Tc -0.1732 Tw (: Summary of obstacles to non) Tj 129 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.1131 Tc -0.1131 Tw (structural approaches to flood control) Tj 162.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -320.25 -18.75 TD /F2 9.75 Tf 0.1673 Tc 0 Tw (Obstacle) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 103.5 0 TD 0.2387 Tc 0 Tw (Problem) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 99 261.75 138.75 1.5 re f 237.75 261.75 1.5 1.5 re f 239.25 261.75 256.5 1.5 re f 237.75 249.75 0.75 12 re f BT 104.25 239.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1549 Tc -0.1924 Tw (High flood plain land values ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1153 Tc -0.3028 Tw (resulting from historic ) Tj T* 0.1256 Tc 0 Tw (development) Tj 51.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 87.75 21.75 TD /F8 9.75 Tf 0.015 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 13.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1555 Tc -0.2597 Tw (Raises land values, thereby increasing the cost of land ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1449 Tc -0.3324 Tw (acquisition for non) Tj 75.75 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.1236 Tc -0.3111 Tw (structural flood control ) Tj 94.5 0 TD 0.0789 Tc 0 Tw (projects) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 99 248.25 138.75 1.5 re f 237.75 248.25 1.5 1.5 re f 239.25 248.25 256.5 1.5 re f 237.75 213.75 0.75 34.5 re f BT 104.25 204 TD 0.1472 Tc -0.1472 Tw (Private property rights versus ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1424 Tc -0.3299 Tw (common property resources) Tj 112.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 27 10.5 TD /F8 9.75 Tf 0.015 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 13.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1872 Tc -0.2997 Tw (Many flood plains are in private hands; owners do not ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1462 Tc -0.2266 Tw (value water retention as a common property resource) Tj 213 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 99 213 138.75 0.75 re f 237.75 213 0.75 0.75 re f 238.5 213 257.25 0.75 re f 237.75 189.75 0.75 23.25 re f BT 104.25 180 TD 0.2184 Tc 0 Tw (Inter) Tj 18.75 0 TD -0.2467 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0795 Tc 0.483 Tw (Jurisdictional Complexity) Tj 103.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 14.25 -0.75 TD /F8 9.75 Tf 0.015 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 13.5 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.0942 Tc 0.0183 Tw (Jurisdictional boundaries rarely coincide with wat) Tj 199.5 0 TD 0.2588 Tc 0.3037 Tw (ershed ) Tj -199.5 -11.25 TD 0.1845 Tc 0 Tw (boundaries.) 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Tw ( ) Tj ET Q endstream endobj 201 0 obj 30622 endobj 202 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 199 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 203 0 R >> endobj 203 0 obj << /Length 204 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (47) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0404 Tc 0.4154 Tw (The numerous strategies to achieve a non) Tj 198 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0205 Tc 0.3955 Tw (structural approach t) Tj 98.25 0 TD -0.0703 Tc 0.2578 Tw (o flood damage reduction ) Tj -300.75 -20.25 TD -0.123 Tc 0.123 Tw (are described in ) Tj 78 0 TD 0.028 Tc -0.028 Tw (Figure ) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.095 Tc 0.4359 Tw (. This figure groups the various alternatives into five areas: ) Tj -129 -21 TD -0.0205 Tc 0.0955 Tw (technical tools, policy objectives, policy paradigms, policy instruments and best ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0149 Tc 0.1649 Tw (practices. In addition it shows) Tj 146.25 0 TD -0.0196 Tc 0.0946 Tw ( possible paths for the accomplishment of best practices. ) Tj -146.25 -21 TD -0.057 Tc 0.2445 Tw (Each of alternatives in ) Tj 110.25 0 TD -0.097 Tc 0.097 Tw (Figure ) Tj 33.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.1026 Tc 0.4776 Tw ( is described in more detail below.) Tj 165 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -325.5 -19.5 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -25.5 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc 0 Tw (3.2.1) Tj 27 0 TD -0.0337 Tc -0.0523 Tw ( Technical Tool ) Tj 84 0 TD 0.078 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 6.75 0 TD 0.0025 Tc -0.3385 Tw ( Flood Plain Mapping) Tj 112.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -230.25 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0202 Tc 0.1035 Tw (Flood plain mapping describes the process of delineating the ) Tj 294 0 TD -0.0738 Tc 0.3238 Tw (area that can be expected to ) Tj -294 -20.25 TD -0.1184 Tc 0.6184 Tw (flood; usually the 200) Tj 104.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1033 Tc 0.4783 Tw (year flood is used. This information can then be used to restrict or ) Tj -108.75 -21 TD -0.0537 Tc 0.268 Tw (change development practices in the flood plain, thereby reducing flood damage costs. In ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0874 Tc 0.3017 Tw (order to impose restrictions on flood plain ) Tj 204 0 TD -0.095 Tc 0.5637 Tw (development it is helpful to first map and ) Tj -204 -21 TD -0.0918 Tc 0.4447 Tw (designate areas susceptible to flooding. To do so, two sets of policies must be in place; ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0827 Tc 0.3915 Tw (the first is to fund and carry out flood plain mapping programs, and the second is to ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.072 Tc 0.447 Tw (designate and regulate flood plains.) Tj 169.5 0 TD 0.0435 Tc -0.0435 Tw ( Canada\222s ) Tj 54 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.009 Tc -0.009 Tw (FDR Program) Tj 69.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0408 Tc 0.1908 Tw ( provides for both these ) Tj -293.25 -21 TD -0.0617 Tc 0.3501 Tw (policy actions. However, the program is currently unfunded, and little mapping progress ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0872 Tc 0.3756 Tw (is being made in the Lower Fraser Valley $Booth and Quinn 1995$. ) Tj 327.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -327.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0786 Tc 0.4536 Tw (In Ontario, where flood plain mapping through the ) Tj 246 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.252 Tc 0 Tw (FD) Tj 16.5 0 TD -0.0518 Tc 0.0518 Tw (R Program) Tj 53.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0965 Tc 0.284 Tw ( has been more ) Tj -315.75 -20.25 TD -0.0348 Tc 0.2079 Tw (prevalent than in B.C., public opposition to flood plain designation developed in some ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0806 Tc 0.4306 Tw (regions. Opposition resulted for two main reasons. First, in some instances it was ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0916 Tc 0.4666 Tw (perceived that property values within the designated area wo) Tj 291 0 TD -0.0584 Tc 0.2459 Tw (uld decrease. However, at ) Tj -291 -21 TD -0.072 Tc 0.422 Tw (least two studies completed in Ontario, note none or little effect on property values within ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0479 Tc 0.3206 Tw (designated flood plains $Schaefer 1990; Shrubsole, Green and Scherer 1997$. Second, ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0023 Tc 0.1095 Tw (flood plain controls were perceived to restrict devel) Tj 246.75 0 TD -0.0209 Tc 0.0209 Tw (opment and economic growth ) Tj -246.75 -21 TD -0.0721 Tc 0.3399 Tw ($Schaefer 1990$. This issue has been largely resolved through the formation of Special ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0624 Tc 0.2499 Tw (Policy Areas $SPA$, in which flood plain regulations can be adjusted to suit the needs of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0353 Tc 0.1425 Tw (the specific location. Controlled development and ) Tj 245.25 0 TD -0.0281 Tc 0.0281 Tw (redevelopment are allowed provided ) Tj -245.25 -21 TD -0.1164 Tc 0 Tw (flood) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0171 Tc 0.0921 Tw (proofing and other specific restrictions are satisfied $Canada, Environment Canada ) Tj -29.25 -20.25 TD -0.052 Tc 0.2127 Tw (1996$. Moreover, de Lo\353 and Shrubsole $1999$ note that in the Credit Valley ) Tj ET endstream endobj 204 0 obj 4976 endobj 205 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 199 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 206 0 R >> endobj 206 0 obj << /Length 207 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (48) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0664 Tc 0.2807 Tw (Conservation Region, Ontario, there has been a perceive) Tj 270 0 TD -0.0634 Tc 0.2134 Tw (d high level of community ) Tj -270 -21 TD -0.0702 Tc 0.4036 Tw (support for the designation of flood plains as \223natural\224 lands.) Tj 292.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -292.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0569 Tc 0.2877 Tw (Despite public opposition to flood plain mapping and designation, it has proven an ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0389 Tc 0.1996 Tw (effective measure to reduce flood damage. Millerd et al. $1991$ and Weiss $1987$ ) Tj 397.5 0 TD -0.164 Tc 0.164 Tw ($as ) Tj -397.5 -21 TD -0.0471 Tc 0.2779 Tw (cited in Brown, Moin and Nicolson 1997$ note modest but quantifiable benefits from ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.074 Tc 0.449 Tw (flood plain mapping.) Tj 99.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -99.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (3.2.2) Tj 27 0 TD -0.0169 Tc -0.3191 Tw ( Policy Objectives) Tj 93.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -120.75 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0525 Tc 0.2833 Tw (Development direction once a flood plain has been mapped will depend on government ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0591 Tc 0.2091 Tw (policy objectives to either impede developme) Tj 218.25 0 TD -0.021 Tc 0.021 Tw (nt or change development patterns on the ) Tj -218.25 -21 TD -0.0811 Tc 0.39 Tw (flood plain. The policy objectives are broad goals that can be used to guide specific ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0447 Tc 0.3661 Tw (policy actions towards best practices for a non) Tj 221.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0255 Tc 0.1755 Tw (structural approach to flood damage ) Tj -225.75 -21 TD -0.0245 Tc 0.0245 Tw (reduction. 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Additionally, there are strong development pressures in the Fraser Valley. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0452 Tc 0.2595 Tw (The population of the Lower Mainland is growing rapidly, and the Coast Mountains and ) Tj ET endstream endobj 207 0 obj 3946 endobj 208 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 199 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 209 0 R >> endobj 209 0 obj << /Length 210 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (49) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.038 Tc 0.2255 Tw (United States border constrict development to the narrow ribbons of comparatively flat ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1539 Tc 0.6539 Tw (land within the valley.) Tj 106.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -106.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0716 Tc 0.3716 Tw (Once the decision has been made to impede any future development on the flood plain, ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.055 Tc 0.205 Tw (further steps as outlined in ) Tj 129.75 0 TD 0.028 Tc -0.028 Tw (Figure ) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.048 Tc 0.2355 Tw ( should be undertaken to ensure maximum benefits ) Tj -180.75 -21 TD -0.0781 Tc 0.3281 Tw (for flood control. The choice of which policy, or policies, to pursue) Tj 325.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (\227) Tj 12 0 TD -0.0176 Tc 0.3926 Tw (acquisition and ) Tj -337.5 -21 TD -0.0352 Tc 0.3685 Tw (relocation, rights of use, regulation, voluntary action, or insurance action) Tj 348.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (\227) Tj 12.75 0 TD -0.0828 Tc 0.0828 Tw (will depend ) Tj -361.5 -20.25 TD -0.0223 Tc 0.2098 Tw (on current ownership of f) Tj 121.5 0 TD -0.0632 Tc 0.336 Tw (lood plain lands and on the level of understanding regarding a ) Tj -121.5 -21 TD -0.0557 Tc 0.3891 Tw (natural approach to flood control amongst publics and policy makers.) Tj 333 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -333 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (3.2.2.2) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.1264 Tc -0.4624 Tw ( Change Development) Tj 126.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -163.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0638 Tc 0.3523 Tw (In the Lower Fraser Basin, many flood plains have been extensively developed and ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0388 Tc 0.0388 Tw (population pressures ) Tj 101.25 0 TD -0.1095 Tc 0.5133 Tw (exist to develop them further. Thus, in order to gain flood control ) Tj -101.25 -21 TD -0.0711 Tc 0.3925 Tw (benefits from the natural use of flood plains, a change in development and redevelopment ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0561 Tc 0.2703 Tw (practices must take place. This paradigm shift is particularly difficult to achieve when ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.084 Tc 0 Tw (developm) Tj 46.5 0 TD -0.0794 Tc 0.4544 Tw (ent inertia has set in. 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The damages incurred during the 1990s were so ) Tj -126.75 -21 TD -0.06 Tc 0.31 Tw (great that attitudes of both the publics and policy makers have changed. Large flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.094 Tc 0.5712 Tw (events are small policy windows, which should be used to greatest advantage.) Tj 372.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD /F1 12 Tf ( ) Tj -375.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (3.2.3) Tj 27 0 TD -0.0554 Tc 0.0944 Tw ( Policy Instruments) Tj 100.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -127.5 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0387 Tc -0.0387 Tw (The policy al) Tj 63 0 TD -0.0235 Tc 0.1902 Tw (ternatives outlined in this section describe proactive policy instruments, ) Tj -63 -21 TD -0.0595 Tc 0.372 Tw (which can be used by all levels of government to encourage a non) Tj 315.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0195 Tc 0.0195 Tw (structural approach to ) Tj ET endstream endobj 210 0 obj 4214 endobj 211 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 199 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 212 0 R >> endobj 212 0 obj << /Length 213 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (50) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0349 Tc 0.1956 Tw (flood damage reduction. These policy instruments can be used to achieve best practices ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.8535 Tw (and t) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.2493 Tw (o promote a paradigm shift towards non) Tj 192 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0377 Tc 0.0377 Tw (structural flood control amongst policy ) Tj -219.75 -20.25 TD -0.0187 Tc 0.0187 Tw (makers and private citizens.) Tj 133.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -133.5 -19.5 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -24.75 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc 0 Tw (3.2.3.1) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0246 Tc -0.3606 Tw ( Regulation) Tj 65.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -102 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0489 Tc 0.2096 Tw (Government regulation of flood plain activities can be an effective tool to achieve many ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0471 Tc 0.2613 Tw (of the best practices options. However, gove) Tj 216 0 TD -0.0594 Tc 0.3808 Tw (rnment intervention into the rights of owners ) Tj -216 -21 TD -0.0628 Tc 0.2602 Tw (to do what they will with private land can be seen as invasive, or as a legal taking. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0311 Tc 0.1978 Tw (Therefore, flood plain regulations should be carefully planned and implemented.) Tj 386.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -386.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0729 Tc 0.5014 Tw (Regulation of flood plains can mean a vari) Tj 204 0 TD -0.0758 Tc 0.3571 Tw (ety of different things. But generally, it ) Tj -204 -20.25 TD -0.0975 Tc 0.5475 Tw (signifies that government in some way mandates the use of flood plain land. Government ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0674 Tc 0.2405 Tw (regulation can be used to force any of the best practices described in ) Tj 330 0 TD 0.028 Tc -0.028 Tw (Figure ) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6.75 0 TD -0.1973 Tc 0.5723 Tw (: wetland ) Tj -381.75 -21 TD 0.0497 Tc 0 Tw (restora) Tj 32.25 0 TD -0.043 Tc 0.293 Tw (tion, the elimination of buildings, flood plain compatible uses, \223flood) Tj 332.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.1467 Tc 0.1467 Tw (friendly\224 ) Tj -369.75 -20.25 TD -0.104 Tc 0.6665 Tw (agricultural uses and the flood) Tj 144.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0445 Tc 0.1809 Tw (proofing of current and new buildings. For the most part, ) Tj -149.25 -21 TD -0.0419 Tc 0.4169 Tw (government regulation comes in the form of municipal by) Tj 277.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.1148 Tc 0.4898 Tw (laws which regulate zoning ) Tj -282.75 -20.25 TD -0.0059 Tc 0.1423 Tw (and development type. For example, the City of Richmond uses by) Tj 324 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1007 Tc 0.3507 Tw (laws and restrictive ) Tj -328.5 -21 TD -0.064 Tc 0.3765 Tw (covenants to regulate the minimal habitable floor elevation of all new developments ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0213 Tc 0.2088 Tw (within the municipality $City of Richmond 1998$. Regulation of flood plain developmen) Tj 428.25 0 TD -0.336 Tc 0.336 Tw (t ) Tj -428.25 -20.25 TD -0.1338 Tc 0.5088 Tw (in B.C. also falls under the ) Tj 130.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.084 Tc -0.084 Tw (FDR Program) Tj 70.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.282 Tc 0.532 Tw ( of the ) Tj 33 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0948 Tc -0.0948 Tw (Canada Water Act.) Tj 93 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.076 Tc 0.226 Tw ( However, as noted ) Tj -327 -21 TD -0.0521 Tc 0.3646 Tw (previously, this regulatory structure has not been entirely successful at reducing flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0475 Tc 0.0475 Tw (damage costs.) Tj 66.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -66.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0255 Tc 0.213 Tw (In addition to regulations, effective education programs and moni) Tj 315 0 TD -0.0905 Tc 0.3405 Tw (toring must be ) Tj -315 -20.25 TD -0.0569 Tc 0.2712 Tw (conducted. For example, a 1991 survey of flood plain residents in Glen Williams, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0623 Tc 0.3748 Tw (Ontario notes that many homeowners regarded flood plain regulations as restrictive and ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0554 Tc 0.484 Tw (unnecessary. Residents who received information about regulations direct) Tj 354.75 0 TD -0.1753 Tc 0.4253 Tw (ly from the ) Tj -354.75 -21 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.3506 Tw (Credit Valley Conservation Authority were most supportive of development regulations ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw ($Kreutzwiser, Woodley and Shrubsole 1994$. ) Tj 223.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -223.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 213 0 obj 4601 endobj 214 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 199 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 215 0 R >> endobj 215 0 obj << /Length 216 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (51) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0432 Tc 0.2932 Tw (Adequate monitoring of regulations must occur, especially in areas where residents are ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1177 Tc 0.4177 Tw (less aware of flood risk. ) Tj 117 0 TD -0.0599 Tc 0.4008 Tw ( In these cases, homeowners are liable to renovate their houses ) Tj -117 -20.25 TD -0.0461 Tc 0.2961 Tw (without due consideration of flood damage risk or government regulations.) Tj 359.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -359.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.072 Tc 0.322 Tw (Regulation of flood plain uses can be an extremely effective tool to reduce flood plain ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0578 Tc 0.2078 Tw (losses as seen after the 1986) Tj 135 0 TD -0.0305 Tc 0.1805 Tw ( flooding of Southern Ontario and Michigan State. Ontario\222s ) Tj -135 -21 TD -0.0772 Tc 0.3272 Tw (regulation of flood plains under the ) Tj 171.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0682 Tc 0.3068 Tw (Planning Act ) Tj 66.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.276 Tc 0.276 Tw (and ) Tj 19.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0383 Tc -0.0383 Tw (Conservation Authorities Act) Tj 141.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj -399.75 -20.25 TD -0.0708 Tc 0.3387 Tw (mandates land uses that are compatible with the flood plain. When damages were ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0546 Tc 0.3046 Tw (compared between Ontario waters) Tj 164.25 0 TD -0.0864 Tc 0.5149 Tw (heds and similar watersheds in northern Michigan, ) Tj -164.25 -20.25 TD -0.066 Tc 0.366 Tw (where development is not kept away from the flood plain, damage costs were three orders ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0661 Tc 0.3876 Tw (of magnitude greater $Brown, Moin and Nicolson 1997$.) Tj 271.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -271.5 -19.5 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -24.75 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc 0 Tw (3.2.3.2) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0117 Tc -0.3477 Tw ( Economic Incentives) Tj 122.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -159 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0895 Tc 0.4109 Tw (One of the most powerful incentives for c) Tj 200.25 0 TD -0.0329 Tc 0.1579 Tw (hange amongst private citizens is economic ) Tj -200.25 -20.25 TD -0.0688 Tc 0.2996 Tw (reform. Economic incentives can be used as a mechanism to encourage natural ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0687 Tc 0.3187 Tw (approaches to flood damage reduction. Senior level governments and local level ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0753 Tc 0.5039 Tw (government can implement economic incentives to create c) Tj 285 0 TD -0.0822 Tc 0.2322 Tw (hange. For example, the ) Tj -285 -21 TD -0.0682 Tc 0.4773 Tw (Federal government can provide incentive for homeowners to become more responsible ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0451 Tc 0.1951 Tw (for flood damage by discontinuing post) Tj 188.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.0074 Tw (disaster payments. Thus, placing the onus of risk ) Tj -192.75 -20.25 TD -0.068 Tc 0.2726 Tw (on the property owner and not on taxpayers at large. Subs) Tj 279.75 0 TD -0.0496 Tc 0.1746 Tw (idies and grants can also be ) Tj -279.75 -21 TD -0.0498 Tc 0.2641 Tw (used to promote natural approaches to flood damage reduction. For example, grants or ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.074 Tc 0.374 Tw (subsidies can be given to homeowners to flood proof their property. This up front ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.075 Tc 0.525 Tw (economic incentive will reduce the long) Tj 191.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0716 Tc 0.3216 Tw (term costs of floo) Tj 84 0 TD -0.0322 Tc 0.0322 Tw (d damage. Third, property tax ) Tj -279.75 -21 TD -0.0486 Tc 0.2361 Tw (assessments should include the cost of risk to flood plain properties. Not only does this ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0809 Tc 0.4848 Tw (decrease the value of flood plain homes, but increases flood awareness amongst flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0 Tc 0.0945 Tw (plain dwellers. Citizen level change can be easi) Tj 230.25 0 TD -0.0434 Tc 0.1684 Tw (ly achieved by targetting pocket books; ) Tj -230.25 -20.25 TD -0.0633 Tc 0.3518 Tw (thus economic incentives are a powerful tool to achieve natural approaches to flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1028 Tc 0.1028 Tw (damage reduction.) Tj 87.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -87.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -19.5 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 216 0 obj 4316 endobj 217 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 218 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 219 0 R >> endobj 218 0 obj << /Kids [ 217 0 R 221 0 R 224 0 R 227 0 R 230 0 R 233 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 421 0 R >> endobj 219 0 obj << /Length 220 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (52) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc 0 Tw (3.2.3.3) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.058 Tc -0.394 Tw ( Voluntary Action $Through Education$) Tj 220.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -257.25 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0441 Tc 0.2172 Tw (Flood damage can be greatly reduced simply by the education of those at ) Tj 353.25 0 TD -0.1669 Tc 0.5419 Tw (risk in how to ) Tj -353.25 -20.25 TD -0.0956 Tc 0.4706 Tw (minimise their losses. It has been shown that the greater the advice in advance of a flood, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0598 Tc 0.2598 Tw (the lower the vulnerability of the possible victims $Handmer and Tunstall 1991 as cited in ) Tj T* -0.0237 Tc 0.1737 Tw (Green et al. 1994, 49$ Two main areas of information will) Tj 278.25 0 TD -0.102 Tc 0.3833 Tw ( help the public in advance of a ) Tj -278.25 -20.25 TD -0.05 Tc 0.2706 Tw (flood. First, sufficient warning is essential so that the public realizes that the flood risk is ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0441 Tc 0.1594 Tw (high. Second, adequate information is required about what measures can be taken by ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0392 Tc 0.1642 Tw (flood plain residents to minimise the dama) Tj 204.75 0 TD -0.276 Tc 0.276 Tw (ge. ) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -221.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0872 Tc 0.4153 Tw (The lack of flood knowledge is listed as an obstacle to a natural approach to flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0579 Tc 0.3258 Tw (damage reduction. Several examples of where increased levels of knowledge led to a ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0676 Tc 0.2983 Tw (more holistic approach to flood control were cited. However, education is rarely ) Tj 390.75 0 TD -0.0334 Tc 0.0334 Tw (a part of ) Tj -390.75 -20.25 TD -0.038 Tc 0.1787 Tw (flood control projects. In fact, a 1997 survey of flood plain officials in Canada suggested ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0572 Tc 0.2447 Tw (that \223for the most part, municipalities do not take part in public education or the provision ) Tj T* -0.059 Tc 0.309 Tw (of information to the public regarding floodplain areas\224. ) Tj 276 0 TD -0.0859 Tc 0.3359 Tw (This lack of knowledge must be ) Tj -276 -20.25 TD -0.0593 Tc 0.2735 Tw (addressed $de Lo\353, Rob and Dan Shrubsole 1999$.) Tj 240.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -240.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0668 Tc 0.3553 Tw (The education of flood plain property owners greatly increases the likelihood that they ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0503 Tc 0.2811 Tw (will make decisions regarding the use of their private property based on factual ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1183 Tc 0 Tw (knowled) Tj 41.25 0 TD -0.0559 Tc 0.3773 Tw (ge. In addition, educated citizens are more likely to lend support to large non) Tj 371.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -412.5 -21 TD -0.0502 Tc 0.3386 Tw (structural flood control projects if they fully understand the benefits and disadvantages of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0834 Tc 0.5209 Tw (such action. In particular, the education of farmers and homeowners will likely me) Tj 396 0 TD -0.039 Tc -0.336 Tw (an an ) Tj -396 -20.25 TD -0.0818 Tc 0.4568 Tw (increase in \223flood) Tj 84.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0523 Tc 0.3023 Tw (friendly\224 agriculture and flood) Tj 146.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0886 Tc 0.8386 Tw (proofed homes.) Tj 74.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -314.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.0076 Tc -0.0076 Tw (Public education programs are a simple cost) Tj 211.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1276 Tc 0.7526 Tw (effective measure, which can have great ) Tj -216 -21 TD -0.0654 Tc 0.3868 Tw (impacts on flood control. Given that public perceptions greatly influence policy making. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0591 Tc 0.0591 Tw (A public) Tj 41.25 0 TD -0.0932 Tc 0.5547 Tw ( who fully understands the workings of the natural hydrologic system is more ) Tj -41.25 -20.25 TD -0.108 Tc 0.6705 Tw (likely to support a natural approach to flood control.) Tj 250.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -250.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 220 0 obj 4158 endobj 221 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 218 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 222 0 R >> endobj 222 0 obj << /Length 223 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (53) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc 0 Tw (3.2.3.4) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.032 Tc -0.368 Tw ( Insurance Action) Tj 100.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -137.25 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0419 Tc 0.2669 Tw (Flood insurance is probably best examined by considering U.S. FEMA\222s ) Tj 351.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0138 Tc 0.0138 Tw (National Flood ) Tj -351.75 -20.25 TD -0.0432 Tc 0.0432 Tw (Insurance Policy) Tj 81 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.246 Tc 0.246 Tw ( $) Tj 6.75 0 TD -0.0531 Tc 0.3031 Tw (NFIP$ program. The purpose of NFIP is to make flood insurance ) Tj -87.75 -21 TD -0.0668 Tc 0.3668 Tw (available to property owners in flood) Tj 177 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0418 Tc 0.2085 Tw (prone areas. As a stipulation it requires that ) Tj -181.5 -21 TD -0.0965 Tc 0.6965 Tw (communities and local governments in flood) Tj 213.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0363 Tc 0.0363 Tw (prone areas adopt and enforce flood plain ) Tj -218.25 -20.25 TD -0.0195 Tc 0.0195 Tw (regulations before the) Tj 105 0 TD -0.0886 Tc 0.422 Tw (ir citizens may buy government endorsed flood insurance $FEMA ) Tj -105 -21 TD -0.0343 Tc 0.195 Tw (1999$. It was originally designed to provide an alternative to disaster relief payments, ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0593 Tc 0.3271 Tw (which can be financially crippling. Flood insurance places the financial burden on those ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1175 Tc 0.4925 Tw (who enjoy floo) Tj 72 0 TD -0.0683 Tc 0.3362 Tw (d plain living instead of burdening all Federal taxpayers. At its start, few ) Tj -72 -21 TD -0.0649 Tc 0.3534 Tw (communities opted into the program, creating a deficit each time flood victims were ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0717 Tc 0.4178 Tw (compensated. Recently, the government made a concerted effort to include more people ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.25 Tc 0.625 Tw (in the p) Tj 35.25 0 TD -0.0442 Tc 0.3169 Tw (rogram through advertising and mandatory purchase requirements. It managed to ) Tj -35.25 -20.25 TD -0.0635 Tc 0.3314 Tw (double the number of policyholders within four years. It has also entered into ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.079 Tc 0.579 Tw (partnerships with private enterprise that insure flood) Tj 250.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0796 Tc 0.2296 Tw (prone properties with a subsidy ) Tj -255 -21 TD -0.0615 Tc 0.8115 Tw (from the g) Tj 49.5 0 TD -0.0418 Tc 0.2464 Tw (overnment; this increased the coverage of the program to include smaller ) Tj -49.5 -20.25 TD -0.042 Tc 0 Tw (communities.) Tj 64.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -64.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0661 Tc 0.3161 Tw (Some critics of the program say it does not go far enough. The National Wildlife ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0865 Tc 0.274 Tw (Federation in its publication ) Tj 138 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.069 Tc 0.069 Tw (Higher Ground) Tj 73.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0375 Tc 0.225 Tw ( points out that less than 30% of flood) Tj 183 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.2148 Tc (prone) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -426 -20.25 TD -0.0522 Tc 0.2829 Tw (properties are insured, and that many flood plain controls are not strictly enforced ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0204 Tc 0.0829 Tw ($National Wildlife Federation 1998$. The document suggests that by decentralising the ) Tj T* -0.0499 Tc 0.2642 Tw (program, more policy goals would be achieved. Overall the NFIP in the United State) Tj 409.5 0 TD -0.168 Tc 0.168 Tw (s ) Tj -409.5 -20.25 TD -0.0478 Tc 0.2478 Tw (has been successful at shifting the financial burden of flood damage to those who benefit ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0525 Tc 0.0525 Tw (most $Platt 1999$.) Tj 85.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -85.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0729 Tc 0.2604 Tw (In Canada, the Federal ) Tj 111 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0246 Tc 0.2254 Tw (Insurance Companies Act ) Tj 127.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0536 Tc 0.2036 Tw (allows for Insurance Companies to ) Tj -238.5 -21 TD 0.0257 Tc -0.0257 Tw (provide weather) Tj 77.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0684 Tc 0.6684 Tw (related insurance including overland flooding $) Tj 225 0 TD -0.0357 Tc 0.2232 Tw (Canada 1991$. However, ) Tj -306.75 -20.25 TD -0.0778 Tc 0.406 Tw (insurance companies are unwilling to insure an event that is for the most part expected. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.4906 Tw (In fact, the Insurance Bureau of Canada states \223insurance is there to compensate you [the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0897 Tc 0.5897 Tw (policy holder] for losses that are unexpected. If y) Tj 237.75 0 TD -0.0806 Tc 0.4139 Tw (ou live on a flood plain, it stands to ) Tj -237.75 -21 TD -0.0927 Tc 0.4927 Tw (reason that, at some point, you will be flooded. There\222s nothing unexpected about that\224 ) Tj ET endstream endobj 223 0 obj 4868 endobj 224 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 218 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 225 0 R >> endobj 225 0 obj << /Length 226 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (54) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.053 Tc 0.3209 Tw ($Insurance Bureau of Canada n.d.a$. In lieu of providing flood insurance, the insurance ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0818 Tc 0.2693 Tw (industry has created a ) Tj 106.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0508 Tc 0.8008 Tw (Natural Disaster) Tj 81 0 TD -0.0637 Tc 0.4387 Tw ( Reduction Plan) Tj 77.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0699 Tc 0.2574 Tw (. The plan calls for \223the creation ) Tj -264.75 -20.25 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.4398 Tw (of a natural) Tj 53.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0383 Tc 0.2258 Tw (disaster protection fund; an increase of 15 per cent in current disaster ) Tj -57.75 -21 TD -0.0299 Tc 0.0981 Tw ($recovery$ financial assistance arrangements; and the promotion of a culture of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0701 Tc 0.3701 Tw (preparedness to improve the planning pr) Tj 192.75 0 TD -0.085 Tc 0.385 Tw (ocess\224 $IBC n.d.a$. In this way it hopes to ) Tj -192.75 -21 TD -0.0792 Tc 0.3792 Tw (reduce flood damage across the country.) Tj 193.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -193.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0824 Tc 0.3824 Tw (Flood insurance in lieu of disaster payments is an effective way of charging flood plain ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0655 Tc 0.378 Tw (residents for the risks they incur rather than burdening the population at large.) Tj 373.5 0 TD -0.165 Tc 0.165 Tw ( As an ) Tj -373.5 -20.25 TD -0.0379 Tc 0.2629 Tw (additional benefit, flood awareness is raised through mandatory purchase requirements; ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0344 Tc 0.3344 Tw (this can benefit many other non) Tj 150.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0318 Tc 0.2193 Tw (structural approaches to flood control. Unfortunately, in ) Tj -155.25 -21 TD -0.0482 Tc 0.2149 Tw (Canada, residential insurance policies do not cover overland flooding ) Tj 335.25 0 TD -0.0142 Tc 0.0142 Tw (damage. Some ) Tj -335.25 -20.25 TD -0.0343 Tc 0.195 Tw (commercial policies may cover the cost of damages and closing $Shrubsole 2000$. There ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0809 Tc 0.4309 Tw (is room within the industry to provide this type of insurance, with or without government ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0788 Tc 0.4538 Tw (assistance. However, the reluctance of insurance companies to ent) Tj 316.5 0 TD -0.1423 Tc 0.7048 Tw (er into the flood ) Tj -316.5 -21 TD -0.0498 Tc 0.2806 Tw (insurance market as described by the Insurance Bureau of Canada suggests that some ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0955 Tc 0.5241 Tw (form of government intervention will be required in order to fully benefit from this ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0614 Tc 0.4364 Tw (adjustment to flood damage control.) Tj 173.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -173.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (3.2.4) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0432 Tc -0.3792 Tw ( Policy Paradigms) Tj 96 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -123 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.055 Tc 0.055 Tw (The policy alt) Tj 66 0 TD -0.0554 Tc 0.3963 Tw (ernatives in this section describe changes in approach and understanding to ) Tj -66 -21 TD -0.0495 Tc 0.2802 Tw (flood management amongst policy makers and citizens. These paradigm shifts will come ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0574 Tc 0.2449 Tw (about through the use of some or many of the policy instruments outlined above. The ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.1035 Tw (policy pa) Tj 43.5 0 TD -0.0609 Tc 0.407 Tw (radigms will in turn help enable the promotion of best practices, thus promoting ) Tj -43.5 -20.25 TD 0.168 Tc -0.168 Tw (a non) Tj 25.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0455 Tc 0.1955 Tw (structural approach to flood damage reduction.) Tj 224.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -254.25 -19.5 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -24.75 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc 0 Tw (3.2.4.1) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.02 Tc -0.356 Tw ( Acquisition and Relocation) Tj 157.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -194.25 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0973 Tc 0.5191 Tw (In an effort to remove people from flood plains, one major new strategy for flood plain ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.3105 Tc 0 Tw (mana) Tj 26.25 0 TD -0.074 Tc 0.3624 Tw (gement is voluntary buyout and relocation of homes and businesses out of harm\222s ) Tj -26.25 -20.25 TD -0.1032 Tc 0.6224 Tw (way using government funds. This effectively returns flood plain lands to government ) Tj ET endstream endobj 226 0 obj 4455 endobj 227 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 218 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 228 0 R >> endobj 228 0 obj << /Length 229 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (55) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0908 Tc 0.3908 Tw (control. In this manner, appropriate measures can be taken to use the flood plain ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0146 Tc 0 Tw (effecti) Tj 30 0 TD -0.0895 Tc 0.5395 Tw (vely to minimize flood damages downstream.) Tj 219 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -249 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0547 Tc 0.3047 Tw (Acquisition and relocation most commonly works by way of government intervention. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0783 Tc 0.4064 Tw (Governments, of any level, use public funds to buy up flood plain properties, either at full ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0566 Tc 0.4316 Tw (market value, or at reduced prices i) Tj 168.75 0 TD -0.0596 Tc 0.3408 Tw (n cases where properties have been severely flood ) Tj -168.75 -21 TD -0.0461 Tc 0.2069 Tw (damaged. In some cases, property owners are further compensated to pay for their ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0457 Tc 0.2765 Tw (relocation costs. Acquisition and relocation have several benefits. First, it places small ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0697 Tc 0.4447 Tw (areas of the flood plain into pu) Tj 146.25 0 TD -0.0689 Tc 0.3814 Tw (blic hands, where it can be used to greatest benefit in terms ) Tj -146.25 -20.25 TD -0.0513 Tc 0.282 Tw (of flood damage reduction, reducing overall flood damage costs. Additionally, over the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.084 Tc 0 Tw (long) Tj 20.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0556 Tc 0.344 Tw (term the cost of flood damage assistance payments for repetitive loss properties are ) Tj -24.75 -21 TD -0.0934 Tc 0.4684 Tw (reduced as flood) Tj 78.75 0 TD -0.0342 Tc 0.2217 Tw ( prone properties are removed. The acquisition of flood) Tj 265.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0208 Tc 0.0208 Tw (prone properties ) Tj -348.75 -20.25 TD -0.1644 Tc 0.4144 Tw (can be a cost) Tj 60.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1088 Tc 0.5909 Tw (effective use of public funds, as the initial output is much less than future ) Tj -65.25 -21 TD -0.0859 Tc 0.5144 Tw (expenditures on flood mitigation and disaster relief. For example, there is a single house) Tj 426 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -426 -20.25 TD -0.0908 Tc 0.5193 Tw (in Houston, Texas that is insured under the US government\222s flood insurance plan that ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.4656 Tw (has been flooded repeatedly. The amount of money paid out in flood insurance is almost ) Tj T* -0.0819 Tc 0.2961 Tw (800% the value of the house $at pre) Tj 169.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0593 Tc 0.6593 Tw (disaster fair market value$ $National Wildlif) Tj 211.5 0 TD -0.078 Tc 0.078 Tw (e ) Tj -385.5 -20.25 TD -0.0514 Tc 0.2389 Tw (Federation 1998$. In this case it would clearly be advantageous to buy the house and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0343 Tc 0.0343 Tw (relocate the owner elsewhere) Tj 138.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -138.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0358 Tc 0.143 Tw (Acquisition and relocation may face public opposition. First, because the initial costs of ) Tj T* -0.1516 Tc 0.9016 Tw (buying flood) Tj 60.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0403 Tc 0.1903 Tw (prone properties can be high, esp) Tj 158.25 0 TD -0.0376 Tc 0.2876 Tw (ecially, when fair pre) Tj 102 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0703 Tc 0.4453 Tw (disaster market ) Tj -330 -20.25 TD -0.0399 Tc 0.1649 Tw (values are paid. The costs of such ventures are borne by all taxpayers, not just those at ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0814 Tc 0.5314 Tw (risk to flooding. Unless there is good understanding of the long) Tj 303 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0537 Tc 0.2412 Tw (term benefits to public ) Tj -307.5 -20.25 TD 0.0215 Tc -0.0215 Tw (coffers of acquisition and relocation) Tj 172.5 0 TD -0.0447 Tc 0.2697 Tw (, public support may be difficult to garner. Second, ) Tj -172.5 -21 TD -0.0399 Tc 0.2444 Tw (property owners may themselves oppose relocation schemes for social reasons. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0577 Tc 0.3986 Tw (Relocating families and businesses away from traditional homes and homesteads is ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0801 Tc 0.4551 Tw (problematic. However, in situations where ) Tj 209.25 0 TD -0.041 Tc 0.291 Tw (properties have been repeatedly flooded, a ) Tj -209.25 -21 TD -0.0403 Tc 0.0403 Tw (move can be considered socially beneficial.) Tj 208.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -208.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 229 0 obj 4478 endobj 230 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 218 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 231 0 R >> endobj 231 0 obj << /Length 232 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (56) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0628 Tc 0.2771 Tw (In order for an acquisition and relocation program to be successful it requires strong ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0668 Tc 0.2976 Tw (public understanding and support. It must be clearly explained to the public tha) Tj 383.25 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0.1875 Tw (t the ) Tj -383.25 -20.25 TD -0.0206 Tc 0.0741 Tw (initial public economic costs and private social costs will be greatly outweighed by the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.084 Tc 0 Tw (long) Tj 20.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0171 Tc 0.1421 Tw (term public benefits of such a scheme.) Tj 184.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -209.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0467 Tc 0.261 Tw (In the United States, NFIP insured properties that have been damaged repeatedly can be ) Tj T* -0.0858 Tc 0.3858 Tw (bought by force under FEMA\222s ) Tj 153.75 0 TD -0.014 Tc 0.0974 Tw (regulatory Acts. In Canada, acquisition policies are less ) Tj -153.75 -20.25 TD -0.0549 Tc 0.3227 Tw (clear, and therefore few examples of flood plain property acquisition are readily found in ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0552 Tc 0.3436 Tw (the literature. However, there are examples of successful acquisition projects. The Grand ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0767 Tc 0.0767 Tw (River Conservat) Tj 78 0 TD -0.0507 Tc 0.3007 Tw (ion Authority, Ontario has on a couple of occasions acquired land and ) Tj -78 -21 TD -0.0514 Tc 0.2657 Tw (demolished buildings for flood control $Steinberg 2001$. In Greater Toronto, 15% of the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.049 Tc 0.2798 Tw (Don River Watershed\222s natural areas have been acquired and placed in public hands ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1214 Tc 0.4964 Tw (through the Met) Tj 76.5 0 TD -0.0395 Tc 0.2895 Tw (ropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority $The Don Water ) Tj -76.5 -21 TD -0.0299 Tc 0.1049 Tw (Regeneration Council and The Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.041 Tc 0 Tw (1997$.) Tj 30.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -30.75 -21 TD 1 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.0475 Tc 0.2783 Tw (Acquisition and relocation are very effective steps towards a natural approach to flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1245 Tc 0.1245 Tw (control. ) Tj 39 0 TD -0.0666 Tc 0.355 Tw ( However, they require further measures be taken to improve the flood control ) Tj -39 -21 TD -0.0609 Tc 0.3609 Tw (potential of the flood plain, once acquisition and relocation have taken place. Local level ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.018 Tc 0.243 Tw (governments can most effectively carry out implementation of acquisition and relocati) Tj 414 0 TD 0 Tc -0.75 Tw (on ) Tj -414 -21 TD -0.0918 Tc 0.4668 Tw (programs, as understanding of the local watershed issues is to be found at this level. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0587 Tc 0.3472 Tw (However, funding and program structures can be dictated by higher level governments, as ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0931 Tc 0.3074 Tw (is the case with FEMA in the US.) Tj 160.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -160.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -32.25 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (3.2.4.2) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.064 Tc -0.4 Tw ( Water Retention as a Common Property Resou) Tj 270 0 TD -0.004 Tc 0.418 Tw (rce ) Tj 21 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -327.75 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0597 Tc 0.3275 Tw (Land ownership issues were previously mentioned as an obstacle to a natural approach to ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0295 Tc 0.1545 Tw (flood damage control. Primarily because the North American approach to land ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0382 Tc 0.2112 Tw (ownership asserts absolute rights over what takes place on private land. However, if) Tj 405.75 0 TD -0.291 Tc 0.666 Tw ( land ) Tj -405.75 -21 TD -0.07 Tc 0.3008 Tw (ownership is viewed as a stewardship obligation, as is suggested by Donald Hey ) Tj ET endstream endobj 232 0 obj 3907 endobj 233 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 218 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 234 0 R >> endobj 234 0 obj << /Length 235 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (57) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0814 Tc 0.4095 Tw ($Environmental Review 1996$, then the right of the river to flood the flood plain can be ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0447 Tc 0.0447 Tw (asserted. ) Tj 44.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -44.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1143 Tc 0.5643 Tw (The right of the river to use the flood plain requires not so much a s) Tj 324 0 TD -0.0427 Tc 0.4177 Tw (pecific government ) Tj -324 -20.25 TD -0.0494 Tc 0.2494 Tw (policy, but requires a shift from the current concept of land ownership. Flood water ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.064 Tc 0.3319 Tw (retention must be considered a common property resource in the same manner as some ) Tj T* -0.0588 Tc 0.3316 Tw (private properties are used as stopovers for migrating birds, or as ) Tj 315 0 TD -0.0713 Tc -0.1787 Tw (lakes encircled by ) Tj -315 -20.25 TD -0.0592 Tc 0.2936 Tw (private land are used for public drinking water storage. This shift in thinking cannot be ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0632 Tc 0.331 Tw (easily be mandated by government. It requires instead educated publics who are willing ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0474 Tc 0.3287 Tw (to change their attitudes towards land ownership and requi) Tj 280.5 0 TD -0.0345 Tc -0.1155 Tw (res site and building design ) Tj -280.5 -21 TD -0.0998 Tc 0.5998 Tw (that minimises flood damage.) Tj 141 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -141 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (3.2.5) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0111 Tc -0.3471 Tw ( Best Practices) Tj 79.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -106.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0567 Tc 0.2442 Tw (The policy decision on how to promote a natural approach to flood control has to be ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0702 Tc 0.3514 Tw (made in conjunction with a decision on what level of natural flood control would be most ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0814 Tc 0 Tw (appropr) Tj 37.5 0 TD -0.0811 Tc 0.4561 Tw (iate for the given development and risk conditions. Various best practices for ) Tj -37.5 -21 TD 0.25 Tc 0 Tw (non) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0828 Tc 0.5113 Tw (structural flood control are discussed in this section.) Tj 249.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -271.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (3.2.5.1) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0026 Tc -0.3386 Tw ( Ecological Restoration) Tj 132.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -169.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0547 Tc 0.3432 Tw (The restoration of flood plains to their natural wetland state provides excellent flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.362 Tc 0 Tw (dam) Tj 20.25 0 TD -0.0207 Tc 0.1571 Tw (age reduction possibilities in addition to numerous environmental and social benefits ) Tj -20.25 -21 TD -0.0481 Tc 0.2624 Tw (as discussed previously. Of course, wetland restoration has elevated initial costs. Precise ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0628 Tc 0.2771 Tw (costs will depend on initial conditions and on the size and location of the ) Tj 351.75 0 TD 0.0532 Tc -0.0532 Tw (project. ) Tj -351.75 -21 TD -0.0358 Tc 0.2233 Tw (However, when total benefits of wetland restoration projects are assessed they become ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0311 Tc 0.1465 Tw (economically viable $American Rivers 1997$. In order to promote wetland restoration as ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0566 Tc 0.3566 Tw (an effective tool for flood damage reduction, the additional social, eco) Tj 337.5 0 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.1035 Tw (nomic and ) Tj -337.5 -21 TD -0.0498 Tc 0.2998 Tw (environmental benefits must also be included in cost calculations. ) Tj 318 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -318 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 235 0 obj 3706 endobj 236 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 237 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 238 0 R >> endobj 237 0 obj << /Kids [ 236 0 R 240 0 R 243 0 R 246 0 R 249 0 R 252 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 421 0 R >> endobj 238 0 obj << /Length 239 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (58) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0652 Tc 0.3331 Tw (Given that flood damage reduction is not of common interest amongst the publics, the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0338 Tc 0.2213 Tw (media and therefore policy makers, wetland restoration projects should be promoted as ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.0312 Tc 0 Tw (multi) Tj 24 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0437 Tc 0.258 Tw (objective projects with a handful of benefits. For example, in the Lower Fraser ) Tj -28.5 -21 TD -0.0676 Tc 0.389 Tw (Valley, where the salmon fishery is of utmost importance to publics and policy makers ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0399 Tc 0.2274 Tw (alike, wetland restoration projects should be endorsed as salmon habitat improvements. ) Tj 424.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -424.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0564 Tc 0.2872 Tw (In the United States there are numerous examples of where policies of wetland ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0677 Tc 0.3562 Tw (acquisition and restoration have proven to be economically sound in addition to providing ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0349 Tc 0.208 Tw (flood damage reduction benefits. For example, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers chose ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.168 Tc 0 Tw (in) Tj 8.25 0 TD -0.0904 Tc 0.4654 Tw ( the late 1970\222s to acquire flood plain wetlands in the Charles River watershed north of ) Tj -8.25 -21 TD -0.1019 Tc 0.43 Tw (Boston. The cost of this project, $10 million, was far less than the $100 million ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0669 Tc 0.5285 Tw (structures that would have been necessary to give the same protection to the residen) Tj 402 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (ts of ) Tj -402 -20.25 TD -0.1129 Tc 0.4879 Tw (the watershed. When near) Tj 126.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0745 Tc 0.4078 Tw (record flows occurred in 1979 and 1982, the wetlands ) Tj -131.25 -21 TD -0.0379 Tc 0.2522 Tw (absorbed the flood surge effectively $American Rivers 1997$.) Tj 294.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -294.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0287 Tc 0.0864 Tw (Wetland restoration clearly provides a multitude of benefits. However, the promotion of ) Tj T* -0.0453 Tc -0.3297 Tw (wetland restoration ) Tj 94.5 0 TD -0.0629 Tc 0.4038 Tw (as a tool for flood damage reduction is difficult. Through careful ) Tj -94.5 -20.25 TD -0.0414 Tc 0.2289 Tw (consideration of local politics and public interests wetland restoration projects can be ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0518 Tc 0 Tw (successful.) Tj 51.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -51.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (3.2.5.2) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0807 Tc -0.1667 Tw ( Open Space ) Tj 75.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -112.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0667 Tc 0.3881 Tw (A policy of keeping flood plains as open space is an effective tool for m) Tj 345.75 0 TD -0.06 Tc 0.435 Tw (inimizing flood ) Tj -345.75 -20.25 TD -0.0723 Tc 0.337 Tw (losses. The term open space can mean a variety of things from disused building lots, to ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0728 Tc 0.3644 Tw (golf courses to natural flood plains. In all cases flood control will benefit from the use of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0897 Tc 0.5064 Tw (the flood plain for water detention. In addition, flood) Tj 256.5 0 TD -0.09 Tc 0.3043 Tw ( losses will be minimised both on ) Tj -256.5 -21 TD -0.0617 Tc 0.2617 Tw (the flood plain and downstream. A host of environmental benefits can also result from ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0428 Tc 0.15 Tw (the creation of open space on flood plains.) Tj 202.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -202.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 239 0 obj 3640 endobj 240 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 237 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 241 0 R >> endobj 241 0 obj << /Length 242 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (59) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0277 Tc 0.0854 Tw (Open spaces on flood plains can be achieved with public ownership through acquisition ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.276 Tc 0.276 Tw (and ) Tj 19.5 0 TD -0.0332 Tc 0.2063 Tw (relocation programs. In addition privately owned flood plain land uses can be ) Tj -19.5 -20.25 TD -0.0489 Tc 0.2989 Tw (adjusted through both regulation and voluntary actions.) Tj 264.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -264.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0277 Tc 0.1214 Tw (A policy of keeping flood plains as open space can be politically challenging. To many, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0675 Tc 0.1746 Tw (open space will be seen as a wa) Tj 150.75 0 TD -0.0182 Tc 0.2325 Tw (sted development opportunity, especially given that the ) Tj -150.75 -21 TD -0.0738 Tc 0.3081 Tw (adjacent river may only \223use\224 the flood plain once every couple of years. Education of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.098 Tc 0.473 Tw (publics and policy makers is once again key in creating open space. As for wetland ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0425 Tc 0.0425 Tw (restoration projects, open s) Tj 128.25 0 TD -0.0404 Tc 0.2904 Tw (pace projects can be promoted through the many other ) Tj -128.25 -20.25 TD -0.0399 Tc 0.2649 Tw (environmental and social benefits that result from preventing flood plain development.) Tj 415.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -415.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0908 Tc 0.4658 Tw (Numerous examples of the use of open space for flood damage mitigation are found ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.025 Tc -0.025 Tw (throughout North America $U.S.Nati) Tj 176.25 0 TD -0.048 Tc 0.2623 Tw (onal Park Service and Rivers, Trails and ) Tj -176.25 -21 TD -0.0411 Tc 0.2286 Tw (Conservation Assistance Program 1996$. For example, the City of Tulsa, Oklahoma notes ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0759 Tc 0.3406 Tw (that \223open space use of the floodplain is the best policy\224 $City of Tulsa 1994$. The City ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0549 Tc 0.2049 Tw (of Napa, California purchased open land) Tj 194.25 0 TD -0.0884 Tc 0.2929 Tw ( adjacent to the Napa River for use as flood plain ) Tj -194.25 -21 TD -0.0328 Tc 0.1482 Tw (terraces $US Army Corps of Engineers and Napa County Flood Control and Water ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0766 Tc 0.8266 Tw (Conservation District n.d.$.) Tj 130.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -130.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0409 Tc 0.2284 Tw (Clearly, eliminating development from flood plains can benefit flood control. However, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1294 Tc 0.1294 Tw (it can be ) Tj 42.75 0 TD -0.0326 Tc 0.2826 Tw (challenging to prevent development from occurring, especially when great ) Tj -42.75 -21 TD -0.0919 Tc 0.5419 Tw (development pressures exist as in the Lower Fraser Valley where short) Tj 339 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0757 Tc 0.0757 Tw (term financial ) Tj -343.5 -20.25 TD -0.1479 Tc 0.8979 Tw (profit is the major motivating force.) Tj 171 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -171 -20.25 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -31.5 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc 0 Tw (3.2.5.3) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.056 Tc -0.392 Tw ( \224Flood) Tj 42 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.026 Tc -0.362 Tw (Friendly\224 Use) Tj 78 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -160.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0648 Tc 0.3148 Tw (Certain land uses can be effective a) Tj 169.5 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.5011 Tw (t reducing flood flows and flood damages, while also ) Tj -169.5 -20.25 TD -0.081 Tc 0.456 Tw (being functional. For the most part recreational land uses offer the greatest benefits of a ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.11 Tc 0 Tw (\223flood) Tj 30 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0931 Tc 0.5704 Tw (friendly\224 use. Parklands, sports fields, schoolyards and hunting grounds can, for ) Tj -35.25 -21 TD -0.0954 Tc 0.4704 Tw (example, be inundated) Tj 107.25 0 TD -0.0774 Tc 0.4524 Tw ( for part of the year without damaging any major infrastructure. ) Tj -107.25 -20.25 TD -0.0625 Tc 0.3839 Tw (By allowing flood flows to submerge these \223flood) Tj 240 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.3406 Tw (friendly\224 lands on a temporary and ) Tj ET endstream endobj 242 0 obj 4258 endobj 243 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 237 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 244 0 R >> endobj 244 0 obj << /Length 245 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (60) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0452 Tc 0.2594 Tw (occasional basis, flow control benefits can be achieved downstream. Thus, in addition to ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0519 Tc 0.0519 Tw (flood damage red) Tj 84 0 TD -0.0277 Tc 0.0277 Tw (uction benefits on site, flood damage will be reduced downstream. Of ) Tj -84 -20.25 TD -0.0687 Tc 0.4149 Tw (course, in certain instances the flooding of recreational lands can be inconvenient and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0558 Tc 0.3285 Tw (bothersome, especially, considering the timing of most freshet floods coincides with ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0976 Tc 0.8476 Tw (warm summer m) Tj 80.25 0 TD -0.0486 Tc 0.3486 Tw (onths, when local citizens enjoy recreational lands. On occasion, ) Tj -80.25 -21 TD -0.0474 Tc 0.2782 Tw (flooding of recreational lands can cause damage to park infrastructure. However, the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0665 Tc 0.3165 Tw (damage incurred on \223flood) Tj 128.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.1043 Tc 0.4793 Tw (friendly\224 lands will be much less than would have occurred ) Tj -133.5 -20.25 TD -0.084 Tc 0.459 Tw (on housing subdivi) Tj 90.75 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0 Tw (sions.) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -118.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0773 Tc 0.4054 Tw (Public ownership of lands adjacent to rivers provides the best opportunity to use land in a ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.11 Tc 0 Tw (\223flood) Tj 30 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0969 Tc 0.4469 Tw (friendly\224 manner. Lands that are already in the public domain, or those that have ) Tj -35.25 -21 TD -0.019 Tc 0.2065 Tw (been acquired through acquisition and relocation programs, can bot) Tj 324 0 TD -0.1183 Tc 0.1183 Tw (h be used. In both ) Tj -324 -20.25 TD -0.0722 Tc 0.4222 Tw (cases, recreational use of public lands is generally considered a positive use of land and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0493 Tc 0.2224 Tw (money. Political benefits can be gained from this approach to flood damage reduction.) Tj 417 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -417 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0493 Tc 0.2636 Tw (Incentives or regulations can convince private landowners ) Tj 282 0 TD -0.1007 Tc 0.5507 Tw (to use their riparian corridors ) Tj -282 -21 TD -0.2027 Tc 0.5777 Tw (in a \223flood) Tj 50.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0774 Tc 0.3659 Tw (friendly\224 manner. Institutions such as schools who own large plots of land ) Tj -55.5 -20.25 TD -0.0411 Tc 0.1817 Tw (can make excellent stewards of flood plain lands. In cases of both private and public ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0466 Tc 0.368 Tw (ownership, the education and knowledge level of l) Tj 241.5 0 TD -0.0555 Tc 0.2055 Tw (andowners and policy makers with ) Tj -241.5 -20.25 TD -0.1117 Tc 0.5732 Tw (regards to flood issues must be high if such an approach is be attempted.) Tj 347.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -347.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (3.2.5.4) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.056 Tc -0.392 Tw ( \224Flood) Tj 42 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0219 Tc 0.4359 Tw (Friendly\224 Agriculture) Tj 120 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -202.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0752 Tc 0.3636 Tw (Agricultural lands can be used effectively to stem flood flows and reduce structural ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1146 Tc 0.4896 Tw (damages downstream. However, mo) Tj 177.75 0 TD -0.102 Tc 0.477 Tw (st farmers would not appreciate the decimation of ) Tj -177.75 -20.25 TD -0.0671 Tc 0.3885 Tw (crops for the benefit of downstream residents. There are, however, various initiatives and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0551 Tc 0.2596 Tw (farming techniques than can benefit both the farmer and flood damage reduction.) Tj 388.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -388.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0328 Tc 0.5328 Tw (Government initiatives to conserv) Tj 162 0 TD -0.0923 Tc 0.5923 Tw (e agricultural lands for use during floods are effective ) Tj -162 -21 TD 0.25 Tc 0 Tw (non) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0762 Tc 0.4512 Tw (structural flood control measures. In the United States, the ) Tj 285.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0054 Tc -0.0054 Tw (Conservation Reserve ) Tj -307.5 -20.25 TD 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (Program) Tj 43.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0649 Tc 0.3534 Tw ( $CRP$ preserves millions of acres of farmland for flood control, water quality ) Tj ET endstream endobj 245 0 obj 4447 endobj 246 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 237 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 247 0 R >> endobj 247 0 obj << /Length 248 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (61) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0433 Tc 0.0433 Tw (improvements, and wildlif) Tj 126 0 TD -0.0618 Tc 0.4368 Tw (e habitat. The program \223provides incentives and assistance to ) Tj -126 -21 TD -0.0571 Tc 0.398 Tw (farmers and ranchers for establishing valuable conservation practices that have a ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0653 Tc 0.3867 Tw (beneficial impact on resources both on and off the farm\224 $U.S. Department of Agriculture ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.082 Tc 0.457 Tw (n.d.$. In effect, thi) Tj 89.25 0 TD -0.0514 Tc 0.3014 Tw (s program compensates farmers for reducing production in critical ) Tj -89.25 -20.25 TD -0.0534 Tc 0.1858 Tw (areas such that flood damages are reduced. As a side benefit, certain sectors of the farm ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0486 Tc 0.2532 Tw (economy have been improved by reducing overproduction of certain crop types ) Tj T* -0.0259 Tc 0.0259 Tw ($Schildgen 1999$. In C) Tj 112.5 0 TD -0.0099 Tc 0.2911 Tw (anada, no such Federal government programs exist, although non) Tj 313.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -426 -20.25 TD -0.0677 Tc 0.4427 Tw (governmental organisations such as Ducks Unlimited Canada play a role in influencing ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0487 Tc 0.2629 Tw (farmers to preserve areas of land for wildlife, which can benefit flood control $Ducks ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0742 Tc 0.4492 Tw (Unlimited Canada n.d.) Tj 108 0 TD -0.123 Tc 0 Tw ($.) Tj 6.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -114.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0766 Tc 0.5141 Tw (In lieu of removing valuable farmland from production, changes in farming techniques ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.075 Tc 0.4212 Tw (can vastly improve flood control. Farming and natural hydrologic features can be ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.027 Tc 0.1424 Tw (integrated through changes in cropping patterns and crop types. For example, water ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.336 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0357 Tc 0.1764 Tw (ntensive crops, such as rice and cotton, can be planted during the wet season to take ) Tj -3 -21 TD -0.0532 Tc 0.2407 Tw (advantage of excess waters. Flood) Tj 163.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0571 Tc 0.2714 Tw (tolerant tree crops and certain legumes, or ) Tj -168 -21 TD -0.0585 Tc 0.371 Tw (biotechnology modified crops, can replace traditional crops. In the Florida Everglades, ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.25 Tc 0 Tw (gov) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.0497 Tc 0.2804 Tw (ernment programs have provided incentives for farmers to switch to rice crops, which ) Tj -17.25 -21 TD -0.0514 Tc 0.2657 Tw (has peak irrigation demands during the summer wet season and thus can benefit flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0717 Tc 0.3931 Tw (control $U.S. Department of Agriculture 1997$. Of course, neither rice nor cotton are ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0513 Tc 0.2013 Tw (viable crops for the Fraser Valley due to climatic conditions. Little literature exists on ) Tj T* -0.1164 Tc 0 Tw (flood) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0525 Tc 0.2256 Tw (tolerant crops more suitable to the local temperate climate. However, a 1999 study ) Tj -29.25 -20.25 TD -0.0152 Tc 0.1402 Tw (by the U.S. EPA promotes the planting of \223hybrid poplars\224 on agricultural f) Tj 363.75 0 TD -0.07 Tc 0.32 Tw (lood plains in ) Tj -363.75 -21 TD -0.0475 Tc 0.2206 Tw (the Pacific Northwest for pulp and wood products. In addition to being flood) Tj 370.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0733 Tc 0.0733 Tw (tolerant, ) Tj -375 -20.25 TD -0.033 Tc 0.158 Tw (these trees can reduce soil erosion and improve water quality $U.S. EPA 1999$.) Tj 380.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -380.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.066 Tc 0.4069 Tw (Grazing is an extremely effective use of agricultural flood plain land in) Tj 341.25 0 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.291 Tw ( terms of flood ) Tj -341.25 -20.25 TD -0.0525 Tc 0.2525 Tw (control benefits. Animals can be removed from risk areas during flood events, when the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0802 Tc 0.3566 Tw (river can make full use of its flood plain, thus reducing flood damages. For the rest of the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0939 Tc 0.3939 Tw (year, farm animals can make full use of excellent grazing ) Tj 278.25 0 TD -0.0591 Tc 0.0591 Tw (fields. ) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -310.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 248 0 obj 4358 endobj 249 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 237 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 250 0 R >> endobj 250 0 obj << /Length 251 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (62) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0393 Tc 0.1643 Tw (In conclusion, there are numerous options available to farmers to reduce downstream ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0382 Tc 0.2112 Tw (flood damages. Generally, an approach to agriculture that considers and employs the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0447 Tc 0.1947 Tw (natural environment as opposed to re) Tj 177 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0267 Tc 0.1339 Tw (working the land to produce alien crops ) Tj 193.5 0 TD -0.0224 Tc 0.0224 Tw (will benefit ) Tj -375 -21 TD -0.0492 Tc 0.3219 Tw (flood control. However, this approach requires government intervention to regulate ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0661 Tc 0.407 Tw (farming techniques or to provide incentives for farmers to produce appropriate ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0518 Tc 0.3246 Tw (agricultural products. In this manner, farmers are duly compensated for benefit) Tj 381 0 TD -0.1767 Tc 0.6767 Tw (s that will ) Tj -381 -21 TD -0.0135 Tc 0.0135 Tw (primarily be reaped downstream.) Tj 158.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -158.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.2066 Tc (3.2.5.5) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0.0672 Tc -0.4032 Tw ( Flood) Tj 36 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.0825 Tc -0.4185 Tw (Proof Development) Tj 110.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -186.75 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.2016 Tc 0 Tw (Flood) Tj 27 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0606 Tc 0.3731 Tw (proofing of buildings is an effective measure to reduce flood damages. Flood) Tj 372.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -404.25 -20.25 TD -0.0365 Tc 0.1973 Tw (proofing describes the design or retrofitting of buildings to resist water and reduce flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0814 Tc 0.0814 Tw (damage. ) Tj 46.5 0 TD -0.0807 Tc 0.5807 Tw (There are numerous flood proofing methods including:) Tj 263.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -309.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0681 Tc 0.0681 Tw (Building on fill) Tj 76.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0.2287 Tw (: In this instance new developments can be raised above the probable ) Tj -76.5 -21 TD -0.0874 Tc 0.4374 Tw (flood level using fill. Thus when a flood occurs buildings should be above the water ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1059 Tc 0.4809 Tw (level. This method is commonly ) Tj 161.25 0 TD -0.0876 Tc 0.4626 Tw (found in the Lower Mainland, where habitable areas ) Tj -161.25 -21 TD 0.0143 Tc 0.1357 Tw (are built on top of non) Tj 106.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0792 Tc 0.4542 Tw (habitable basements and garages. Limiting flood damage to ) Tj -111 -20.25 TD -0.114 Tc 0.489 Tw (basement type property.) Tj 114.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -132.75 -21.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0631 Tc 0.3845 Tw (Building on piers, piles, columns or bearing walls) Tj 252 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0985 Tc 0.3485 Tw (: Buildings can be raised above ) Tj -252 -21 TD -0.1303 Tc 0.8803 Tw (the flood level u) Tj 78 0 TD -0.0527 Tc 0.2834 Tw (sing piers, piles, columns or bearing walls. Flood water is then able ) Tj -78 -20.25 TD -0.0591 Tc 0.3591 Tw (to pass beneath the structure. Damage to the structure during a flood will be minimal) Tj 409.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -427.5 -21.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.0056 Tw (Closure and seal) Tj 84.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.276 Tc 1.026 Tw (: Lower) Tj 36.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0596 Tc 0.2846 Tw (levels of buildings can be sealed against flood waters using ) Tj -126.75 -21 TD 0.058 Tc -0.058 Tw (various caref) Tj 62.25 0 TD -0.0362 Tc 0.1862 Tw (ully designed systems. Retrofitting of vulnerable properties is possible ) Tj -62.25 -20.25 TD -0.0597 Tc 0.3275 Tw (using the closure and seal method. Unfortunately, if design flood levels are exceeded, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0417 Tc 0.2148 Tw (this method can exacerbate the problem by retaining water inside the structure. ) Tj T* -0.0517 Tc 0 Tw (Additionally,) Tj 63 0 TD -0.0632 Tc 0.3311 Tw ( this method can create a condition of uplift on the foundations during a ) Tj -63 -20.25 TD -0.0706 Tc 0.4168 Tw (large flood event. This can result in shifting or complete failure of foundations.) Tj 382.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -400.5 -21.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.084 Tc -0.084 Tw (Wet flood) Tj 49.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1567 Tc (proofing) Tj 44.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0989 Tc 0.5027 Tw (: In this instance it is accepted that the interior of the structure ) Tj -98.25 -20.25 TD -0.1207 Tc 0.4957 Tw (will be inu) Tj 51 0 TD -0.0937 Tc 0.5312 Tw (ndated. The lower level of the structure is constructed with special ) Tj ET endstream endobj 251 0 obj 4992 endobj 252 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 237 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 253 0 R >> endobj 253 0 obj << /Length 254 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (63) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -193.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0537 Tc 0.2412 Tw (materials to reduce damage to the structure itself. Care must be taken to remove all ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0658 Tc 0.4408 Tw (objects of value from areas of inundation $Williams 1978$.) Tj 282 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -300 -20.25 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.2016 Tc (Flood) Tj 27 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0674 Tc 0.3674 Tw (proofing is an effective measure t) Tj 160.5 0 TD -0.0726 Tc 0.3726 Tw (o reduce damages to buildings on the flood plain. ) Tj -192 -20.25 TD -0.0579 Tc 0.3391 Tw (However, few flow control benefits are gained. Flood) Tj 260.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0824 Tc 0.3324 Tw (proofing is an excellent policy for ) Tj -264.75 -21 TD -0.0322 Tc 0.1572 Tw (flood plains that are already developed, as buildings can be retrofitted. Flood) Tj 371.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0324 Tc -0.3426 Tw (proofing of ) Tj -375.75 -21 TD -0.0919 Tc 0.3419 Tw (buildings is often eco) Tj 102.75 0 TD -0.0863 Tc 0.3005 Tw (nomically viable; costs vary from as little as 2 % to 50 % of ) Tj -102.75 -20.25 TD -0.0425 Tc 0.23 Tw (property value depending on conditions $Williams 1978$. When flood damage occurs, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1303 Tc 0.3803 Tw (the cost of flood) Tj 77.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0628 Tc 0.344 Tw (proofing will prove to be minimal in comparison. ) Tj 240 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -321.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1161 Tc 0.4911 Tw (Along the fan of Deroche Creek in the Fras) Tj 207 0 TD -0.0463 Tc 0.4213 Tw (er Valley, flood) Tj 75.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0423 Tc 0.2298 Tw (proofing of properties was ) Tj -287.25 -21 TD -0.0261 Tc 0.1761 Tw (the recommended action to reduce flood damages. Consultants suggested raising ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0771 Tc 0.4271 Tw (buildings to keep foundations open to allow flood flows to pass under the structures. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0744 Tc 0.503 Tw (They estimated that this would cost between $8K) Tj 237 0 TD -0.0544 Tc 0.1615 Tw ( and $20K per house $Chantler, Jakob ) Tj -237 -20.25 TD -0.0251 Tc 0.0251 Tw (and Farstad 2001$.) Tj 89.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -89.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.2016 Tc (Flood) Tj 27 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0218 Tc 0.1468 Tw (proofing of private property can be achieved through regulation at the municipal ) Tj -31.5 -20.25 TD -0.0412 Tc 0.2019 Tw (level. In addition, education of developers and property owners with regards to flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.024 Tc -0.024 Tw (damage potential can prov) Tj 126.75 0 TD -0.108 Tc 0.608 Tw (ide impetus to flood) Tj 96 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.073 Tc 0.448 Tw (proof structures. Third, flood insurance ) Tj -227.25 -20.25 TD -0.1074 Tc 0.6908 Tw (policies may provide reduced premiums for homes that are flood) Tj 310.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0713 Tc (proofed.) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -354.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc (3.3) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD -0.0011 Tc 0 Tw (Conclusions) Tj 72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -108 -15.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0544 Tc 0.3429 Tw (This chapter lists numerous possible policy adjustments for flood control, as well as ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0477 Tc 0.0477 Tw (mentioning several ob) Tj 105.75 0 TD -0.0691 Tc 0.4441 Tw (stacles faced by those wishing to pursue a natural approach to flood ) Tj -105.75 -21 TD -0.0362 Tc 0.1768 Tw (damage reduction. Clearly, not all policy options are suitable for all flood risk regions. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0224 Tc 0.0224 Tw (Therefore, policies should be targetted to particular needs and requirements rather than ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0828 Tc 0 Tw (unive) Tj 26.25 0 TD -0.0726 Tc 0.3226 Tw (rsally applied. This creates the need to manage flood plain development at a local ) Tj -26.25 -21 TD -0.0364 Tc 0.2409 Tw (level. Regional level governments, especially those who delineate watershed boundaries, ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0405 Tc 0.353 Tw (must also play a role in facilitating communication between local governments. Sen) Tj 405.75 0 TD -0.194 Tc 0.194 Tw (ior ) Tj -405.75 -21 TD -0.0823 Tc 0.4573 Tw (level governments have several roles to play in promoting a natural approach to flood ) Tj ET endstream endobj 254 0 obj 4508 endobj 255 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 256 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 257 0 R >> endobj 256 0 obj << /Kids [ 255 0 R 259 0 R 262 0 R 265 0 R 268 0 R 271 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 422 0 R >> endobj 257 0 obj << /Length 258 0 R >> stream BT 292.5 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (64) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 646.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0333 Tc 0.1583 Tw (damage reduction. First, they can create appropriate regulations, which can be used ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0357 Tc 0.3085 Tw (effectively by local governments to suit local conditions. Federal and Provincial) Tj 387 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -387 -20.25 TD -0.0482 Tc 0.4232 Tw (governments can also provide funding to local level governments to carry out non) Tj 393 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -393 -21 TD -0.0352 Tc 0.3079 Tw (structural flood control projects, which can be economically challenging in the short) Tj 404.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -404.25 -20.25 TD -0.0646 Tc 0.3146 Tw (term. Additionally, post) Tj 117 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0.3314 Tw (disaster payments to regions where flood plain development has) Tj 307.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -429 -21 TD -0.053 Tc 0.2405 Tw (occurred despite warnings should be abandoned. Finally, higher level governments can ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0293 Tc 0.1543 Tw (help educate publics and policy makers about hydrologic systems and alternatives to ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0501 Tc 0.4251 Tw (structural flood control.) Tj 113.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -113.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1108 Tc 0.5608 Tw (A change in attitude towards flood control is not going to) Tj 274.5 0 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.1401 Tw ( arrive quickly. However, the ) Tj -274.5 -21 TD -0.0419 Tc 0.1573 Tw (increasing costs of flood disasters and the growing awareness amongst publics and policy ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0363 Tc 0.4113 Tw (makers will enable a non) Tj 119.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0658 Tc 0.3658 Tw (structural approach to flood control in Canada and the Lower ) Tj -123.75 -20.25 TD -0.171 Tc 0.921 Tw (Fraser Valley in the near future.) Tj 152.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -152.25 -19.5 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 258 0 obj 1991 endobj 259 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 256 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 260 0 R >> endobj 260 0 obj << /Length 261 0 R >> stream BT 297 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -8.25 -1.5 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (65) Tj ET q 288.75 59.25 9.75 11.25 re W n BT 297.75 61.5 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 155.25 695.25 TD /F3 14.25 Tf 0.0272 Tc -0.2387 Tw (Chapter 4: ) Tj 72.75 0 TD 0.1062 Tc -1.0677 Tw (Flood Plain Le) Tj 96 0 TD -0.0785 Tc -0.508 Tw (gislation and Policy) Tj 132 0 TD 0 Tc -0.2115 Tw ( ) Tj -366 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0678 Tc 0.414 Tw (This chapter describes current policy and legislation in British Columbia related to flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0469 Tc 0.2344 Tw (plain management. It focuses on the policy alternatives described in Chapter 3. ) Tj 381 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -381 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0856 Tc 0.5544 Tw (Several levels of government have direct involvement with fl) Tj 293.25 0 TD -0.0695 Tc 0.3695 Tw (ood policy in the Lower ) Tj -293.25 -21 TD -0.0618 Tc 0.3118 Tw (Fraser Valley. Federal, Provincial and Municipal governments each have a wide variety ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0849 Tc 0.4849 Tw (of legislation to guide their actions. These are evaluated in this section. A substantial ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0724 Tc 0.4474 Tw (amount of relevant legislation exists to promote flood ) Tj 260.25 0 TD -0.0615 Tc 0.4365 Tw (damage reduction; some designed ) Tj -260.25 -20.25 TD -0.0822 Tc 0.4572 Tw (specifically for and some in directly related to, flood management. Although there are ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0392 Tc 0.2122 Tw (positive aspects to the existing body of legislation, several significant barriers inhibit a ) Tj T* 0.25 Tc 0 Tw (non) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0769 Tc 0.5269 Tw (structural approach to flood damage red) Tj 192 0 TD -0.2143 Tc 0 Tw (uction.) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -246 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0611 Tc 0.4072 Tw (The legislation described in this chapter is compared to the policy alternatives described ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0883 Tc 0.1955 Tw (in the Chapter 3, and summarized in ) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.0648 Tw (Table ) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD (.) 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Tj 149.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET 90 534 111.75 0.75 re f 201.75 534 0.75 0.75 re f 202.5 534 288 0.75 re f 201.75 492 0.75 42 re f BT 95.25 480.75 TD -0.181 Tc (\223Flood) Tj 32.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0273 Tc 0.0273 Tw (Friendly\224 ) Tj -36.75 -13.5 TD -0.0518 Tc 0 Tw (Agriculture) Tj 54.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 57.75 12.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0593 Tc 0.3406 Tw (The agricultural use of flood plains using special ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0601 Tc 0.1673 Tw (crops and techniques that can undergo occasional ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.1669 Tc 0 Tw (inundation.) Tj 53.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET 90 491.25 111.75 0.75 re f 201.75 491.25 0.75 0.75 re f 202.5 491.25 288 0.75 re f 201.75 449.25 0.75 42 re f BT 95.25 438 TD -0.2016 Tc (Flood) Tj 27 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0828 Tc -0.6672 Tw (Proof ) Tj -31.5 -13.5 TD -0.1505 Tc 0 Tw (Development) Tj 63.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 48.75 12.75 TD /F8 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.2016 Tc (Flood) Tj 27 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0206 Tc 0.1456 Tw (proofing of buildings on the flood pla) Tj 181.5 0 TD -0.543 Tc -0.207 Tw (in ) Tj -213 -13.5 TD -0.049 Tc 0.549 Tw (through various construction techniques.) Tj 195 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET 90 448.5 111.75 0.75 re f 201.75 448.5 0.75 0.75 re f 202.5 448.5 288 0.75 re f 90 419.25 111.75 1.5 re f 201.75 420.75 0.75 27.75 re f 201.75 419.25 1.5 1.5 re f 203.25 419.25 287.25 1.5 re f BT 90 408.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc (4.1) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0.0552 Tc -0.3912 Tw ( Federal Flood Policy and Regulation) Tj 210.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -246.75 -15.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0888 Tc 0.4638 Tw (Canadian flood control policy since 1975 has fallen under the ) Tj 297.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0037 Tc 0.2537 Tw (Federal Flood Damage ) Tj -297.75 -20.25 TD -0.0149 Tc 0.0149 Tw (Reduction $FDR$ Program ) Tj 132 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0225 Tc 0.1297 Tw ($Canada, Environment Canada 1996$ which was created ) Tj -132 -21 TD -0.186 Tc 0.561 Tw (under the ) Tj 47.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Can) Tj 20.25 0 TD -0.0295 Tc 0.0295 Tw (ada Water Act) Tj 69.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0632 Tc 0.3965 Tw ( following extensive flood damage throughout the country in ) Tj -137.25 -21 TD -0.0649 Tc 0.3149 Tw (the early seventies. In 1987, the mapping program in B.C. was accelerated through the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0682 Tc 0.2557 Tw (additional signing of the ) Tj 119.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.041 Tc 0 Tw (Canada) Tj 38.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.035 Tc 0.2225 Tw (B.C. Agreement Respecting Floodplain Mapping) Tj 234 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -396 -21 TD -0.0448 Tc 0.0448 Tw ($British Columbia.) Tj 89.25 0 TD -0.0626 Tc 0.3511 Tw ( MELP 1998a$. The aim of the program is to \223discourage future flood ) Tj -89.25 -20.25 TD -0.0324 Tc 0.1157 Tw (vulnerable development\224 $Canada, Environment Canada 1996$, through flood plain ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0625 Tc 0.375 Tw (mapping programs which are carried out by individual provinces with funding assistance ) Tj T* -0.1157 Tc 0.4907 Tw (and monitoring by the ) Tj 108.75 0 TD -0.0398 Tc 0.2898 Tw (Federal government. Once mapped, a participating province must ) Tj -108.75 -20.25 TD -0.0435 Tc 0.3768 Tw (agree to designate a flood plain using the following policies:) Tj 289.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -289.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 18 -20.25 TD (1.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0686 Tc 0.2994 Tw (There will be no building, approval or financing of flood prone development in ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0364 Tc 0.0364 Tw (hazardous areas.) Tj 78.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 264 0 obj 7508 endobj 265 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 256 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 266 0 R >> endobj 266 0 obj << /Length 267 0 R >> stream BT 297 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -8.25 -1.5 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (67) Tj ET q 288.75 59.25 9.75 11.25 re W n BT 297.75 61.5 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 108 709.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (2.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.1145 Tc 0.4895 Tw (There will be no flood disaster ) Tj 149.25 0 TD -0.0521 Tc 0.3021 Tw (assistance for any development built after a site is ) Tj -149.25 -21 TD -0.0976 Tc 0 Tw (designated.) Tj 53.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -71.25 -20.25 TD (3.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0559 Tc 0.3286 Tw (Relevant authorities are encouraged to zone hazardous land to protect against ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0582 Tc 0.0582 Tw (flood risk.) Tj 48.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -84.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0895 Tc 0.4645 Tw (Although the agreement is strongly worded, there is little legislation to back it up. Watt ) Tj T* 0.0369 Tc 0.7131 Tw ($1995$ n) Tj 40.5 0 TD -0.1435 Tc 0.6435 Tw (oted that the ) Tj 62.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.009 Tc -0.009 Tw (FDR Program) Tj 69.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0521 Tc 0.2771 Tw ( was successful at identifying areas at risk to flood ) Tj -172.5 -20.25 TD -0.0782 Tc 0.4821 Tw (damage, and at redirecting development from these areas. However, in the Lower Fraser ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0695 Tc 0.257 Tw (Valley the majority of ) Tj 108.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0.202 Tw (Canada Water Act ) Tj 93 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0303 Tc 0.0303 Tw (funding supported structural projects; ) Tj -201.75 -20.25 TD 0.029 Tc 0 Tw (comparativel) Tj 62.25 0 TD -0.069 Tc 0.3369 Tw (y little was spent on flood plain mapping $Booth and Quinn 1995$. Hence, ) Tj -62.25 -21 TD -0.0954 Tc 0.4484 Tw (B.C. was unable to halt the rapid growth on the Fraser River flood plain from the 1970\222s ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0292 Tc 0.0761 Tw (to the present, because data were not available to delineate areas at risk of flooding $Day ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0297 Tc 0.1369 Tw (999$. Although the program has been extended to 2003, the Federal and Provincial ) Tj -6 -21 TD -0.0682 Tc 0.4144 Tw (governments have allocated no funding to support this initiative $B.C. MELP n.d.a.$. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.0109 Tc 0.1766 Tw (Despite Federal advocacy of non) Tj 157.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0425 Tc 0.23 Tw (structural flood control approaches, both the cost of ) Tj -162 -21 TD -0.252 Tc 0 Tw (st) Tj 7.5 0 TD -0.0356 Tc 0.2086 Tw (ructures along the Fraser River and the number of vulnerable people and properties ) Tj -7.5 -21 TD -0.0668 Tc 0.4129 Tw (increased dramatically over both the last quarter and half century $Fraser Basin Council ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0586 Tc 0.0586 Tw (n.d.; Sewell 1965$.) Tj 90 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -90 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0774 Tc 0.4524 Tw (A further Federal policy that affects flood management, is the ) Tj 299.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0703 Tc 0 Tw (Federal) Tj 38.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0414 Tc 0.0414 Tw (Provincial ) Tj -341.25 -21 TD -0.0278 Tc 0.0278 Tw (Disaster Financial Assistance) Tj 143.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0573 Tc 0.3573 Tw ( $DFA$ arrangement. The DFA provides guidelines for the ) Tj -143.25 -21 TD -0.0247 Tc 0.0872 Tw (cost sharing of disaster payments between Federal and Provincial governments. Both ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0065 Tc 0.0065 Tw (governments contribute to the rebuilding of public and private prop) Tj 323.25 0 TD -0.0608 Tc 0.3108 Tw (erties after major ) Tj -323.25 -21 TD -0.0758 Tc 0.3972 Tw (floods, with the Federal government paying an increasingly larger share of the costs with ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0352 Tc 0.1852 Tw (escalating damage costs $Canada. Emergency Preparedness Canada 1988$. This ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0615 Tc 0.4706 Tw (adjustment to disaster has been widely used in recent years: Federal su) Tj 338.25 0 TD 0.0316 Tc -0.0316 Tw (bsidies were ) Tj -338.25 -21 TD -0.0671 Tc 0.3671 Tw (granted to Quebec after the Saguenay floods and to Manitoba after the Red River floods ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1551 Tc 0.1551 Tw (in 1997.) Tj 38.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -38.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0545 Tc 0.4712 Tw (Private citizens, local level and Provincial governments rely upon post) Tj 338.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0566 Tc 0.0566 Tw (disaster payments ) Tj -342.75 -21 TD -0.0226 Tc 0.2726 Tw (as an adjustment to flood risk. However, this adjustmen) Tj 270 0 TD -0.0613 Tc 0.4363 Tw (t compromises the nation\222s ) Tj ET endstream endobj 267 0 obj 4569 endobj 268 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 256 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 269 0 R >> endobj 269 0 obj << /Length 270 0 R >> stream BT 297 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -8.25 -1.5 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (68) Tj ET q 288.75 59.25 9.75 11.25 re W n BT 297.75 61.5 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 90 709.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0198 Tc 0.0733 Tw (budget: every time a natural disaster occurs and damages ensue because of poor planning, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0758 Tc 0.3436 Tw (all Canadian taxpayers are charged for the recovery costs, regardless of the level of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0406 Tc 0.2281 Tw (personal risk each citizen may carry. Additionally, p) Tj 254.25 0 TD -0.168 Tc 0 Tw (ost) Tj 13.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0375 Tc 0.1625 Tw (disaster payments are on the rise ) Tj -272.25 -21 TD -0.0695 Tc 0.3195 Tw ($Shrubsole 2000$, and are unlikely to be reduced in the near future if current planning ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0245 Tc 0.1317 Tw (practices continue thus further burdening Canadian taxpayers. ) Tj 300 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -300 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0703 Tc 0.0703 Tw (Increasing post) Tj 72 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.0171 Tc 0.0766 Tw (disaster payments can be curbed through the use of) Tj 245.25 0 TD -0.0492 Tc 0.0492 Tw ( the second policy ) Tj -321.75 -20.25 TD -0.1423 Tc 0.6423 Tw (listed under the ) Tj 76.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.009 Tc -0.009 Tw (FDR Program) Tj 69.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0.3412 Tw ( that requires that no post) Tj 121.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0921 Tc 0.3921 Tw (disaster funding be granted to ) Tj -272.25 -21 TD -0.0471 Tc 0.2614 Tw (homes and businesses within designated flood plains. The use of this policy provides ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.087 Tc 0.837 Tw (economic incentives) Tj ET 90 521.25 97.5 0.75 re f BT 187.5 523.5 TD -0.0662 Tc 0.4412 Tw ( to flood plain dwellers to move out of the f) Tj 210 0 TD -0.021 Tc 0.021 Tw (lood plain to avoid ) Tj -307.5 -21 TD -0.0632 Tc 0.3132 Tw (incurring flood damage costs.) Tj 141.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -141.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (4.1.1) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0815 Tc -0.4175 Tw ( Additional Federal Policies for Non) Tj 186.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.0665 Tc -0.4025 Tw (Structural Flood Control) Tj 126.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -344.25 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0888 Tc 0.2763 Tw (In addition to the ) Tj 84.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0078 Tc 0.0078 Tw (FDR program) Tj 68.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0735 Tc 0.5423 Tw (, which is designed specifically for flood management, ) Tj -153 -21 TD -0.0687 Tc 0.4437 Tw (there exist numerous other Federal regulations that can b) Tj 272.25 0 TD -0.1205 Tc 0.4955 Tw (e used to promote the flood ) Tj -272.25 -20.25 TD -0.0555 Tc 0.3055 Tw (policy alternatives outlined in Chapter 3. These include ) Tj 271.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0326 Tc -0.0326 Tw (The Expropriation Act, The ) Tj -271.5 -21 TD 0.0216 Tc -0.0216 Tw (Emergency Preparedness Act,) Tj 144.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0098 Tc 0.1973 Tw (The Insurance Companies Act ) Tj 147.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.276 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj 17.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.005 Tc 0.005 Tw ( The Agricultural and ) Tj -312.75 -20.25 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.1167 Tw (Rural Development Act $Canada 1985b, 1985a, 1991, 1985c$) Tj 296.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -299.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.47 Tc (The) Tj 18 0 TD 0 Tc ( 1985 ) Tj 30 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (Expropriation Act) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0708 Tc 0.3436 Tw ( gives powers to the Federal government to seize private land ) Tj -135.75 -21 TD -0.0183 Tc 0.0183 Tw (for a public work or other public purpose. This ) Tj 230.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.168 Tc 0.582 Tw (Act ) Tj 19.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0632 Tc 0.2775 Tw (can therefore be used to acquire flood ) Tj -249.75 -21 TD -0.0694 Tc 0.3194 Tw (plain lands from private owners; the publicly owned land can then be used in a ) Tj 381 0 TD -0.1164 Tc 0.1164 Tw (flood ) Tj -381 -20.25 TD -0.0597 Tc 0.2803 Tw (compatible manner as described in Chapter 3. Thus this act could be an effective tool for ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.138 Tc 0.138 Tw (the ) Tj 17.25 0 TD 0.0527 Tc -0.0527 Tw (acquisition and relocation) Tj ET 107.25 211.5 123.75 0.75 re f BT 231 213.75 TD -0.0372 Tc 0.2872 Tw ( of flood plain homes and businesses.) Tj 180 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -321 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0253 Tc 0.0935 Tw (The recently created Federal Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency ) Tj T* -0.084 Tc 0 Tw (Pr) Tj 10.5 0 TD -0.1095 Tc 0.5783 Tw (eparedness $2001$ has the power under the 1985 ) Tj 234.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0088 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Emergency Preparedness Act) Tj 142.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.168 Tc 0.168 Tw ( to ) Tj -387.75 -20.25 TD -0.0211 Tc 0.1045 Tw (\223conduct public information programs relating to emergency preparedness and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0484 Tc 0.3211 Tw (recommend preventative measures to alleviate the effects of emergencies or disasters\224 ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.024 Tc -0.024 Tw ($Canada 1985a Sec) Tj 92.25 0 TD -0.0965 Tc 0.284 Tw (tion 5.d$. This ) Tj 73.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.3135 Tc 0 Tw (Act,) Tj 19.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0579 Tc 0.3794 Tw ( therefore, allows the Federal government to ) Tj ET endstream endobj 270 0 obj 5358 endobj 271 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 256 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 272 0 R >> endobj 272 0 obj << /Length 273 0 R >> stream BT 297 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -8.25 -1.5 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (69) Tj ET q 288.75 59.25 9.75 11.25 re W n BT 297.75 61.5 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 90 709.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.035 Tc 0.1713 Tw (increase public awareness through educational programs. Such programs could be ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.086 Tc 0.5145 Tw (designed in an effort to provide the impetus for private landowners to voluntarily use ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1523 Tc 0.6023 Tw (their land in the best ) Tj 100.5 0 TD -0.1013 Tc 0.57 Tw (possible manner to mitigate flood damages. This ) Tj 239.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.168 Tc 0.582 Tw (Act ) Tj 20.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1583 Tc 0.4083 Tw (is an effective ) Tj -360 -21 TD -0.0751 Tc 0.0751 Tw (tool for the promotion of ) Tj 122.25 0 TD 0.0784 Tc -0.0784 Tw (voluntary action) Tj ET 212.25 645 78 0.75 re f BT 290.25 647.25 TD -0.0569 Tc 0.2069 Tw (, as described in Chapter 3.) Tj 129.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -330 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0463 Tc 0.0463 Tw (The 1991 Federal ) Tj 87 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0111 Tc 0.0111 Tw (Insurance Companies Act) Tj 124.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0576 Tc 0.3076 Tw ( creates opportunity for individual companies ) Tj -211.5 -21 TD -0.0984 Tc 0.4734 Tw (to sell insurance for weather) Tj 135 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1041 Tc 0.7291 Tw (related risks, including flooding. Thus, this ) Tj 209.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0098 Tc 0.0098 Tw ( provides ) Tj -365.25 -20.25 TD -0.0626 Tc 0.3126 Tw (scope for the policy alternative of ) Tj 165 0 TD 0.0292 Tc -0.0292 Tw (insurance action) Tj ET 255 562.5 77.25 0.75 re f BT 332.25 564.75 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.4656 Tw (. However at this time the insurance ) Tj -242.25 -21 TD -0.0886 Tc 0.5886 Tw (industry is unwilling to assume the high) Tj 191.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0221 Tc 0.0221 Tw (risk of such policies. A sharing agreement with ) Tj -195.75 -20.25 TD -0.1183 Tc 0.4933 Tw (government to as) Tj 81.75 0 TD -0.0657 Tc 0.3541 Tw (sume part of the risk could create a market for overland flood damage ) Tj -81.75 -21 TD -0.0647 Tc 0.3647 Tw (insurance. This type of program has been somewhat successful in the United States $Platt ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.041 Tc 0 Tw (1999$.) Tj 30.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -30.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0943 Tc 0.0943 Tw (The 1985 ) Tj 48 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0152 Tc 0.2848 Tw (Agricultural and Rural Development Act ) Tj 200.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0655 Tc 0.2155 Tw (establishes an opportunity to promote ) Tj -248.25 -20.25 TD -0.168 Tc 0 Tw (th) Tj 9 0 TD -0.22 Tc 0.22 Tw (e use of ) Tj 39.75 0 TD -0.0533 Tc 0.8033 Tw (open space) Tj ET 138.75 417.75 53.25 0.75 re f BT 192 420 TD -0.026 Tc 0.026 Tw ( and ) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.015 Tc 0 Tw (\223flood) Tj 30.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.0096 Tw (friendly\224 agricultural practices) Tj ET 215.25 417.75 182.25 0.75 re f BT 397.5 420 TD 0.0064 Tc -0.0064 Tw (. Section 3 of the ) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj -411.75 -21 TD -0.0405 Tc 0.2013 Tw (states that Federal and Provincial governments can jointly agree to create projects for the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0275 Tc 0.1639 Tw (\223more efficient use and economic development of rural lands\224 $Canada 1985a Se) Tj 389.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.75 Tw (ction ) Tj -389.25 -20.25 TD -0.0432 Tc 0.2162 Tw (3.a$ and for \223the development and conservation of water supplies for agricultural and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0338 Tc 0.1945 Tw (rural purposes\224$Canada 1985a Section 3.b.i$. It can be argued that flood protection is ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0588 Tc 0.2895 Tw (both an efficient and economic use of flood plains. In addition, wetland st) Tj 356.25 0 TD 0.0018 Tc -0.0018 Tw (orage programs ) Tj -356.25 -21 TD -0.0868 Tc 0.5153 Tw (that use flood plains to store irrigation water throughout the growing season are excellent ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0404 Tc 0.245 Tw (examples of water supply projects, which can be used for agricultural purposes.) Tj 381.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -381.75 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0407 Tc 0.4907 Tw (The Federal legislation available for non) Tj 194.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0248 Tc 0.5248 Tw (structural flood plain man) Tj 123.75 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0.286 Tw (agement as discussed ) Tj -322.5 -20.25 TD -0.1173 Tc 0.3673 Tw (in this section is summarized in ) Tj 154.5 0 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.0648 Tw (Table ) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (2) Tj 6 0 TD (.) 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Tj 74.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1534 Tc 0.1534 Tw ($now the) Tj 42 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.089 Tc -0.339 Tw ( Local Government Act) Tj 113.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.123 Tc 0 Tw ($,) Tj 6.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 3 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.638 Tc (the) Tj 13.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj -414.75 -20.25 TD -0.0125 Tc 0.3875 Tw (Drainage, Ditch and Dike Act,) Tj 147.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.638 Tc 0.638 Tw ( the) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.1207 Tc -0.1207 Tw ( Fisheries) Tj 48 0 TD 0.126 Tc -0.126 Tw ( Act, ) Tj 25.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.207 Tc 0.582 Tw (and the ) Tj 37.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0296 Tc 0.2204 Tw (Fish Protection Act ) Tj 97.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.228 Tc 0.603 Tw (for flood ) Tj -372.75 -21 TD -0.0195 Tc 0.0877 Tw (management $British Columbia 1972, 1986 \(2000$, 1996b, 1996g, 1997\). The ) Tj 379.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.02 Tc 0.02 Tw (Land Title ) Tj -379.5 -20.25 TD 0.168 Tc 0.582 Tw (Act ) Tj 19.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.276 Tc 0.276 Tw (and ) Tj 19.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.069 Tc 0.069 Tw (Municipal Act) Tj 68.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.005 Tc 0.2193 Tw ( both have provisions to promote a non) Tj 187.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.057 Tc 0.307 Tw (structural approach to ) Tj -299.25 -21 TD -0.1164 Tc 0 Tw (flood) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0227 Tc 0.0227 Tw (damage control. Section 82 of the 1972) Tj 188.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0355 Tc 0.0355 Tw (Land Title Act) Tj 69 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0569 Tc 0.3569 Tw ( requires that MELP approve ) Tj -289.5 -21 TD -0.0611 Tc 0.2861 Tw (any subdivision development in a flood plain. 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The ) Tj 172.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.056 Tc 0.319 Tw (Municipal Act ) Tj -359.25 -21 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0948 Tc 0.3448 Tw (has since been replaced by the ) Tj 147.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0057 Tc -0.0057 Tw (Local Government Act) Tj 110.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1115 Tc 0.3615 Tw ( $June 2000$, which has similar ) Tj -258 -21 TD -0.0836 Tc 0.3336 Tw (provisions to the ) Tj 82.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0065 Tc 0.0065 Tw (Municipal Act) Tj 69 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0187 Tc -0.0187 Tw (. In additi) Tj 48.75 0 TD -0.0777 Tc 0.4527 Tw (on, municipal governments can now require ) Tj -200.25 -20.25 TD -0.052 Tc 0.302 Tw (that new developments include runoff controls, by limiting the area of impermeable ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0572 Tc 0.3697 Tw (surfaces $British Columbia 2000$. The building and maintenance of structural flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0767 Tc 0.3767 Tw (control is regulated through the ) Tj 153 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0268 Tc -0.0268 Tw (Dike Maintenan) Tj 78 0 TD 0.0696 Tc 0.3054 Tw (ce Act ) Tj 33 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0642 Tc 0.2142 Tw ($British Columbia 1996n$. 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These include Section ) Tj -90 -20.25 TD -0.1763 Tc 0.4263 Tw (219 of the ) Tj 51 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.014 Tc -0.014 Tw (Land Title Act, The Property Law Act, The Agricultural Land Commission Act, ) Tj -51 -21 TD 0.0117 Tc -0.0742 Tw (The Environment and Land Use Act, The Environment Management Act, The Wildlife ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.126 Tc -0.126 Tw (Act, ) Tj 22.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.276 Tc 0.276 Tw (and ) Tj 19.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0093 Tc -0.0093 Tw (The Emergenc) Tj 69.75 0 TD 0.054 Tc 0.196 Tw (y Program Act ) Tj 74.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0314 Tc 0.0314 Tw ($British Columbia 1996j, 1996k, 1996a, 1996e, ) Tj -186 -21 TD -0.0347 Tc 0.0347 Tw (1996d, 1996m, 1996c$.) Tj 111 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -111 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0694 Tc 0.3421 Tw (Besides the provision for land use designation in Section 82, the ) Tj 310.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0895 Tc 0.1605 Tw (Land Title Act ) Tj 72.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.332 Tc 0.332 Tw (has ) Tj -383.25 -21 TD -0.0695 Tc 0.382 Tw (provision for the promotion of other flood adjustments. For example, the ) Tj 354.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.036 Tc 0.411 Tw ( allows for) Tj 51 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -422.25 -20.25 TD -0.0403 Tc 0.2448 Tw (the placement and continuance of covenants to protect, preserve, conserve, maintain, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0492 Tc 0.1992 Tw (enhance or restore land $Section 219.4.b$. Similar provisions are found in Section 35 of ) Tj T* -0.138 Tc 0.138 Tw (the ) Tj 17.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.012 Tw (Property Law Act) Tj 86.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0986 Tc 0.4111 Tw (. Thus, it is possible for flood plain lands to be protecte) Tj 267 0 TD -0.0589 Tc 0.3089 Tw (d or restored ) Tj -370.5 -20.25 TD -0.0471 Tc 0.2078 Tw (to their natural state when land changes hands. This is especially effective when ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0587 Tc 0.3472 Tw (government sells flood plain land to developers; constraints on building for the purpose ) Tj 0 -24 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 67.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 67.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 67.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 67.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 67.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 67.5 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 87.75 432 0.75 re f BT 522 86.25 TD ( ) Tj -432 -8.25 TD /F1 6 Tf 0 Tw (4) Tj 3 -3.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD /F2 9.75 Tf 0.2107 Tc -0.3983 Tw (Agricultural and) Tj 68.25 0 TD 0.1369 Tc -0.3244 Tw ( Rural Development Act) Tj 96 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.0773 Tc 0.0567 Tw ( $R.S. 1985 C. A3 Sections 3.a, 3.b.i$) Tj 147.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 283 0 obj 6750 endobj 284 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 275 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 285 0 R >> endobj 285 0 obj << /Length 286 0 R >> stream BT 297 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -8.25 -1.5 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (72) Tj ET q 288.75 59.25 9.75 11.25 re W n BT 297.75 61.5 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 90 709.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0052 Tc 0.2552 Tw (of promoting a non) Tj 91.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0348 Tc 0.2491 Tw (structural approach to flood control can be include) Tj 242.25 0 TD -0.2224 Tc 0.8224 Tw (d in the land title ) Tj -338.25 -21 TD -0.0384 Tc 0.1321 Tw (as covenants. 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Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -380.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0595 Tc 0.3274 Tw (One B.C. policy that has been effective at minimizing flood plain development was the ) Tj T* -0.0355 Tc 0.1719 Tw (establishment in 1973 of the Agricultural Land Reserve $ALR$ through the ) Tj 362.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0075 Tc 0.0075 Tw (Agricultural ) Tj -362.25 -20.25 TD -0.0152 Tc 0.0152 Tw (Land Commission Act) Tj 106.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0569 Tc 0.2444 Tw (. Although designed to stop the decline in) Tj 201.75 0 TD -0.09 Tc 0.54 Tw ( agricultural lands, it has ) Tj -308.25 -21 TD -0.0532 Tc 0.284 Tw (had the additional benefit of reducing flood plain development $Peters 2000$. This ) Tj 400.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.627 Tc 1.002 Tw ( is ) Tj -417 -20.25 TD -0.0658 Tc 0.2158 Tw (therefore an effective tool for ) Tj 144 0 TD -0.0041 Tc 0.0041 Tw (impeding development) Tj ET 234 521.25 110.25 0.75 re f BT 344.25 523.5 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) 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Tj 102.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -138.75 -19.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.096 Tc 0.096 Tw (Thus thi) Tj 39 0 TD -0.168 Tc 0.168 Tw (s ) Tj 7.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0285 Tc 0.0285 Tw ( provides an excellent avenue to both ) Tj 181.5 0 TD 0.0014 Tc -0.0014 Tw (change development) Tj ET 334.5 281.25 99 0.75 re f BT 433.5 283.5 TD -0.0223 Tc 0.0223 Tw ( practices and to ) Tj -343.5 -21 TD -0.0926 Tc 0 Tw (educate) Tj ET 90 260.25 36 0.75 re f BT 126 262.5 TD -0.0539 Tc 0.3039 Tw ( the publics as to how they can best use private lands for flood control purposes.) 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Section 2 states:) Tj 428.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -428.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 36 -19.5 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1017 Tc 0.3964 Tw (The duties, powers and functions of the minister extend to matters relating to the ) Tj 0 -19.5 TD -0.1392 Tc 1.0767 Tw (management, protection and enhancement of the environment including, but not ) Tj 0 -18.75 TD -0.0902 Tc 0.2777 Tw (limited to, the following:) Tj 109.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -109.5 -18.75 TD -0.1544 Tc 0.3419 Tw ($a$ planning, research and investigation with respect to the environment;) Tj 318 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 286 0 obj 5666 endobj 287 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 275 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 288 0 R >> endobj 288 0 obj << /Length 289 0 R >> stream BT 297 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -8.25 -1.5 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (73) Tj ET q 288.75 59.25 9.75 11.25 re W n BT 297.75 61.5 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 126 710.25 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1411 Tc 3.0786 Tw ($b$ development of policies for the management, protection and use of the ) Tj 0 -18.75 TD -0.1556 Tc 0 Tw (envi) Tj 18 0 TD -0.1092 Tc (ronment;) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -57.75 -19.5 TD -0.1346 Tc 3.4054 Tw ($c$ planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of works and) Tj 0 Tc -1.3125 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -18.75 TD -0.1412 Tc 0.2454 Tw (undertakings for the management, protection or enhancement of the environment;) Tj 359.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -359.25 -18.75 TD -0.179 Tc 3.3665 Tw ($d$ provision of information to the public about the quality and use of the) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -18.75 TD -0.1872 Tc 0 Tw (environment;) Tj 57.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -57.75 -19.5 TD 0.0875 Tc 0.1 Tw ($e$ ) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.1187 Tc 1.5562 Tw (preparation and publication of policies, strategies, objectives and standards ) Tj -17.25 -18.75 TD -0.1594 Tc 0.3469 Tw (for the protection and management of the environment;) Tj 243 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -243 -18.75 TD -0.1093 Tc 1.0468 Tw ($f$ preparation and publication of environmental management plans for specific ) Tj 0 -19.5 TD -0.1722 Tc 3.6097 Tw (areas of British Columbia which may include,) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 228 0 TD -0.1278 Tc 3.4653 Tw (but need not be limited to,) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -228 -18.75 TD -0.1207 Tc 0.3082 Tw (measures with respect to the following:) Tj 172.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -172.5 -18.75 TD -0.2105 Tc 0.398 Tw ($i$ flood control;) Tj 72.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -72.75 -19.5 TD -0.0661 Tc 0.2536 Tw ($ii$ drainage;) Tj 57 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -57 -18.75 TD -0.1362 Tc 0.3237 Tw ($iii$ soil conservation;) Tj 96.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -96.75 -18.75 TD -0.1232 Tc 0.3107 Tw ($iv$ water resource management;) Tj 145.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -145.5 -18.75 TD -0.144 Tc 0.3315 Tw ($v$ fisheries and aquatic life management;) Tj 185.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -185.25 -19.5 TD -0.1352 Tc 0.3227 Tw ($vi$ wildlife management;) Tj 114.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -114.75 -18.75 TD -0.1002 Tc 0.2877 Tw ($vii$ waste management;) Tj 109.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -109.5 -18.75 TD -0.1566 Tc 0 Tw ($vii) Tj 15 0 TD -0.1645 Tc 0.352 Tw (i$ air management. $British Columbia. 1996d C.118 Section 2$) Tj 275.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -326.25 -20.25 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0712 Tc 0.2212 Tw (This entire section of the ) Tj 121.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.168 Tc 0.582 Tw (Act ) Tj 19.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0296 Tc 0.0296 Tw (has relevance to the promotion of several of the policy ) Tj -141 -21 TD -0.1066 Tc 0.3878 Tw (options laid out in Chapter 3. 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) Tj -338.25 -7.5 TD /F1 6 Tf 0 Tw (14) Tj 6 -3.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.0821 Tc -0.0821 Tw ( 2000 C.323 Section 910) Tj 98.25 0 TD /F1 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -104.25 -8.25 TD (15) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj 1.5 -3.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.0189 Tc 0.2936 Tw (2000 C.323 Section 907.5.b) Tj 111 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 292 0 obj 18449 endobj 293 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 275 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 294 0 R >> endobj 294 0 obj << /Length 295 0 R >> stream BT 297 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -8.25 -1.5 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (75) Tj ET q 288.75 59.25 9.75 11.25 re W n BT 297.75 61.5 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 90 709.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0635 Tc 0.3135 Tw (In summary, a multitude of Provincial legislation exists which can be used to promote a ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.25 Tc 0 Tw (non) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0348 Tc 0.4633 Tw (structural approach to flood damage reduction as sh) Tj 248.25 0 TD -0.15 Tc 0.525 Tw (own in ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.0648 Tw (Table ) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (3) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0533 Tc 0.0533 Tw (. However, ) Tj -352.5 -20.25 TD -0.0893 Tc 0.4107 Tw (there are at this time a minimum of laws and regulations to enforce these ) Tj 351.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.2715 Tc 0 Tw (Acts) Tj 21 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1656 Tc 0.4156 Tw ( at the ) Tj -372.75 -21 TD -0.0652 Tc 0.4742 Tw (Provincial level. The onus is on municipal governments to create by) Tj 329.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.1073 Tc 0.2948 Tw (laws to follow these ) Tj -334.5 -20.25 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0672 Tc 0 Tw (Acts,) Tj 24 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.012 Tc 0.1995 Tw ( and to monitor by) Tj 87.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.957 Tc (la) Tj 7.5 0 TD -0.0398 Tc 0.2898 Tw (ws, once in effect.) Tj 87.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -212.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F5 12 Tf -0.2376 Tc (4.2.2) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0585 Tc -0.2445 Tw ( Municipal Flood Policy and Regulation) Tj 206.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -233.25 -14.25 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0321 Tc 0.2821 Tw (Municipal and regional governments have a great ability to promote and establish by) Tj 406.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -406.5 -21 TD -0.0375 Tc 0.359 Tw (laws and zoning regulations that endorse a non) Tj 224.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0255 Tc 0.1755 Tw (structural approach to flood damage ) Tj -228.75 -21 TD -0.1109 Tc 0.4109 Tw (reduction. In the Lower Fra) Tj 135 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.4594 Tw (ser Valley each municipality has the authority, but not the ) Tj -135 -20.25 TD -0.0278 Tc 0.3091 Tw (obligation, to create its own flood plain management by) Tj 267.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0891 Tc 0.0891 Tw (laws; thus policy varies widely ) Tj -273 -21 TD -0.102 Tc 0.477 Tw (along the Lower Fraser River.) Tj 143.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -143.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0582 Tc 0.3082 Tw (In 1966, the Official Regional Plan $ORP$ for the Lower Mainland established ) Tj 380.25 0 TD -0.1164 Tc 0.1164 Tw (flood ) Tj -380.25 -21 TD -0.0621 Tc 0.2496 Tw (plain boundaries in the Fraser Valley. No new urban developments were to be built in ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0672 Tc 0.3887 Tw (the flood plain. Areas that had been historically settled, \223Urban Exempt Areas\224 $UEA$ ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0478 Tc 0.2209 Tw (could continue to be developed. As a consequence the UEAs have experienced r) Tj 387.75 0 TD 0.084 Tc -0.084 Tw (apid ) Tj -387.75 -20.25 TD -0.0327 Tc 0.1691 Tw (growth and development since the 1970\222s $Peters 2000; Fraser Basin Management ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0826 Tc 0.0826 Tw (Program 1996$.) Tj 74.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -74.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.141 Tc 0.391 Tw (In 1986, the ) Tj 60 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0065 Tc 0.0065 Tw (Municipal Act) Tj 69 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0435 Tc 0.2101 Tw ( called for municipalities to create Official Community Plans ) Tj -129 -21 TD -0.0656 Tc 0.3156 Tw ($OCPs$ in lieu of larger ORP. The OCPs allows, but does not obligate,) Tj 338.25 0 TD -0.028 Tc 0.2155 Tw ( a community to ) Tj -338.25 -20.25 TD -0.0486 Tc 0.3213 Tw (\223designate areas for protection of development from hazardous conditions\224 with the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0501 Tc 0.2644 Tw (approval of B.C. MELP $British Columbia 1986$. ) Tj 241.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -241.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0477 Tc 0.1977 Tw (In a 1998 B.C. MELP survey of B.C. municipalities, 15 of 16 Lower Fraser River ) Tj T* -0.093 Tc 0.593 Tw (communities mention flood pro) Tj 151.5 0 TD -0.0723 Tc 0.2973 Tw (visions in their OCPs. However, only 4 of these ) Tj -151.5 -20.25 TD -0.0598 Tc 0.6598 Tw (communities had flood hazard management by) Tj 224.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0739 Tc 0.0739 Tw (laws in place $B.C. MELP 1999b$. A ) Tj -229.5 -21 TD -0.0421 Tc 0.2028 Tw (sample of three Fraser Valley Community\222s OCPs was examined in more detail. All three ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.064 Tc 0.4926 Tw (plans mention the need to designate and zon) Tj 211.5 0 TD -0.0131 Tc 0.1203 Tw (e hazard areas. However, policies are ) Tj ET endstream endobj 295 0 obj 4816 endobj 296 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 297 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 298 0 R >> endobj 297 0 obj << /Kids [ 296 0 R 300 0 R 303 0 R 306 0 R 309 0 R 312 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 422 0 R >> endobj 298 0 obj << /Length 299 0 R >> stream BT 297 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -8.25 -1.5 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (76) Tj ET q 288.75 59.25 9.75 11.25 re W n BT 297.75 61.5 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 90 709.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0188 Tc 0.0765 Tw (generally vague. For example, North East Coquitlam\222s 1993 OCP states that \223lands ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1144 Tc 0.6144 Tw (subject to general liability to flood ) Tj 168 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.051 Tc 0.426 Tw (should, where possible) Tj 115.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1015 Tc 0.4229 Tw (, be used for parks, open space ) Tj -283.5 -20.25 TD -0.0326 Tc 0.1576 Tw (recreation or agricultural uses\224 $City of C) Tj 200.25 0 TD -0.0265 Tc -0.0806 Tw (hilliwack 1999; City of Richmond 1998; North ) Tj -200.25 -21 TD -0.0533 Tc 0.2841 Tw (East Coquitlam 1993$. However, Peters $2000$ noted that \223in general, OCPs do not ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0616 Tc 0.4025 Tw (appear to have been effective in directing development away from the floodplain\224.) Tj 396 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -396 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0573 Tc 0.3573 Tw (Although not many communities currently promote) Tj 246.75 0 TD -0.1039 Tc 0.4254 Tw ( flood plain issues in their local ) Tj -246.75 -20.25 TD -0.049 Tc 0.2097 Tw (legislation, they have the power to promote many of the policy alternatives outlined in ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.2148 Tc 0.2148 Tw (Table ) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0308 Tc 0.4058 Tw (. 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They can, therefore, create opportunities to have non) Tj 262.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0524 Tc 0.0524 Tw (structural flood control ) Tj -315 -21 TD -0.0831 Tc -0.6669 Tw (through ) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0.0646 Tc -0.0646 Tw (ecological restoration) Tj ET 129.75 479.25 103.5 0.75 re f BT 233.25 481.5 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj 6 0 TD 0.03 Tc -0.03 Tw (open space) Tj ET 239.25 479.25 53.25 0.75 re f BT 292.5 481.5 TD -0.026 Tc 0.026 Tw ( and ) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.015 Tc 0 Tw (\223flood) Tj 30.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1334 Tc 0.8834 Tw (friendly\224 uses) Tj ET 315.75 479.25 101.25 0.75 re f BT 417 481.5 TD -0.0826 Tc 0.4576 Tw ( and through the ) Tj -327 -20.25 TD -0.0755 Tc -0.2995 Tw (regulation of ) Tj 64.5 0 TD -0.1164 Tc 0 Tw (flood) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0146 Tc 0.0146 Tw (proof development) Tj ET 154.5 459 120 0.75 re f BT 274.5 461.25 TD -0.0284 Tc 0.0284 Tw (. 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0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -162 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0022 Tc 0.1897 Tw (The lack of concrete by) Tj 112.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0615 Tc 0.0615 Tw (laws and policies a) Tj 90.75 0 TD -0.1082 Tc 0.5367 Tw (mong Lower Fraser Valley communities is no ) Tj -208.5 -21 TD -0.0658 Tc 0.3658 Tw (great surprise. Tax revenue from areas that have been zoned to eliminate or reduce flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0378 Tc 0.1985 Tw (damage will be less than for areas that are densely developed. Additionally, should ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0393 Tc 0.2268 Tw (extensive flood damage occur, Provincia) Tj 195.75 0 TD -0.0595 Tc 0.2262 Tw (l and Federal aid tends to be awarded despite ) Tj ET endstream endobj 299 0 obj 13325 endobj 300 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 297 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 301 0 R >> endobj 301 0 obj << /Length 302 0 R >> stream BT 297 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -8.25 -1.5 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (77) Tj ET q 288.75 59.25 9.75 11.25 re W n BT 297.75 61.5 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 90 709.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0473 Tc 0.208 Tw (flood plain designations. A very small percentage of the Lower Fraser Valley has been ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1111 Tc 0.4861 Tw (designated a flood plain under the ) Tj 165 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.084 Tc -0.084 Tw (FDR Program) Tj 70.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0647 Tc 0.279 Tw ( $Peters 2000$; disaster relief will be ) Tj -235.5 -20.25 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.1267 Tw (therefore paid out to flood plain dwel) Tj 179.25 0 TD -0.0537 Tc 0.2412 Tw (lers by the province, the Federal government, or ) Tj -179.25 -21 TD -0.0968 Tc 0.4497 Tw (both, in the event of a flood. Thus, although the costs of flood plain development are ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0616 Tc 0.3741 Tw (borne by Federal and Provincial government, financial benefits are gained at the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0522 Tc 0.2022 Tw (municipal level and by private develop) Tj 186 0 TD -0.0689 Tc 0.6314 Tw (ers; lower level governments ) Tj 143.25 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1367 Tc 0.5117 Tw (benefit without ) Tj -329.25 -21 TD 0.0356 Tc 0 Tw (responsibilities) Tj 77.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0848 Tc 0.3348 Tw (, and higher level governments are ) Tj 168 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0511 Tc 0.2386 Tw (liable without any control ) Tj 134.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc -0.0017 Tw (over the ) Tj -379.5 -20.25 TD -0.1009 Tc 0.6366 Tw (causes of the increasing potential for flood losses.) Tj 238.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -238.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1136 Tc 0.6386 Tw (In summary, a multitude of legislation exists at all government levels) Tj 331.5 0 TD -0.0596 Tc 0.0596 Tw ( for the purpose of ) Tj -331.5 -21 TD -0.063 Tc 0.2938 Tw (flood plain management. But it is essentially ineffective in solving the problem of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0722 Tc 0.5008 Tw (growing flood loss potential throughout British Columbia. ) Tj 282 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -282 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc (4.3) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0.0275 Tc -0.176 Tw (Provincial Legislative Barriers to Non) Tj 213.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.0341 Tc -0.3701 Tw (Structural Flood Control) Tj 138 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -391.5 -15.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0195 Tc 0.0195 Tw (Several pieces of Provincia) Tj 131.25 0 TD -0.0403 Tc 0.3216 Tw (l legislation pose barriers to the promotion of non) Tj 237 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0324 Tc 0.0324 Tw (structural ) Tj -372.75 -20.25 TD -0.0637 Tc 0.0637 Tw (flood control. ) Tj 67.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0156 Tc 0.0156 Tw (The Insurance Act) Tj 88.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0195 Tc 0.0195 Tw (, and ) Tj 26.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (The Expropriation Act) Tj 108.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0314 Tc -0.1186 Tw ( conflict with the policy ) Tj -291 -21 TD -0.0496 Tc 0.2996 Tw (alternatives described in ) Tj 119.25 0 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.0648 Tw (Table ) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0031 Tc 0.0031 Tw ( $British Columbia 1996i, 1996f$. ) Tj 164.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.015 Tc -0.015 Tw (The Riverbank) Tj 71.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -401.25 -21 TD 0.0069 Tc -0.0069 Tw (Protection Act) Tj 70.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1774 Tc 0.1774 Tw (, and the ) Tj 42.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0064 Tc 0.4936 Tw (Flood Relief Act ) Tj 82.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.063 Tc 0.2773 Tw (promote structural flood control as the only ) Tj -195.75 -20.25 TD -0.0541 Tc 0.3041 Tw (solution $British Columbia 1996l, 1996h$. Moreover, there is an urgent necessity to ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0724 Tc 0.4133 Tw (create additional legislation to protect flood plains, and wetlands in particular, fr) Tj 384.75 0 TD 0.207 Tc -0.207 Tw (om ) Tj -384.75 -20.25 TD -0.0253 Tc 0.0253 Tw (further destruction. ) Tj 94.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -94.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.051 Tc -0.199 Tw (Unlike the Federal ) Tj 91.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0575 Tc -0.0575 Tw (Insurance Companies Act,) Tj 127.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.096 Tc 0.346 Tw ( the B.C. ) Tj 45.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0.082 Tw (Insurance Act) Tj 66.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1 Tc 0.475 Tw ( has no provisions ) Tj -331.5 -20.25 TD -0.0488 Tc 0.1988 Tw (for the coverage of flood events. Thus, adopting an insurance adjustment to cope with ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1196 Tc 0.6446 Tw (flood losses is not allowed for in B.C., reducing the poli) Tj 268.5 0 TD -0.0223 Tc 0.4723 Tw (cy options available for a non) Tj 142.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -411 -20.25 TD -0.064 Tc 0.364 Tw (structural approach to flood damage reduction. Similarly, the B.C. ) Tj 323.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Expropriation Act) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.627 Tc 1.002 Tw ( is ) Tj -411 -21 TD -0.0731 Tc 0.3731 Tw (unlike its Federal counterpart in that there is no special provision for the expropriation of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.5321 Tw (land for uses not specified within the ) Tj 180 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0448 Tc 0.1198 Tw (. Again, this limits the choice of policy options ) Tj -196.5 -20.25 TD -0.0898 Tc 0.5398 Tw (available for flood plain management. ) Tj 185.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -185.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 302 0 obj 5444 endobj 303 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 297 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 304 0 R >> endobj 304 0 obj << /Length 305 0 R >> stream BT 297 63 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -8.25 -1.5 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (78) Tj ET q 288.75 59.25 9.75 11.25 re W n BT 297.75 61.5 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 90 709.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.22 Tc 0.22 Tw (The ) Tj 21.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.077 Tc -0.077 Tw (Riverbank Protection Act,) Tj 126 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0928 Tc 0.3928 Tw ( for example, allows singularly for the use of structural ) Tj -147.75 -21 TD -0.0347 Tc 0.1501 Tw (measures to prevent the encroachment of rivers on their banks. Bank erosion t) Tj 377.25 0 TD -0.072 Tc 0.072 Tw (hat this ) Tj 37.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj -431.25 -20.25 TD -0.0656 Tc 0.3468 Tw (aims to avoid will only be augmented through the use of structural measures to reduce the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0625 Tc 0.2932 Tw (energy of the river, as explained in Chapter 2. Fortunately, however, this ) Tj 354 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.222 Tc 0.722 Tw ( has not ) Tj -370.5 -20.25 TD -0.0552 Tc 0.2427 Tw (been used recently $McMullen 2001$.) Tj 180 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -180 -18.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -19.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.22 Tc 0.22 Tw (The ) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0471 Tc 0.4221 Tw (Flood Relief Act) Tj 79.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.069 Tc -0.069 Tw ( is desi) Tj 33 0 TD -0.0513 Tc 0.3326 Tw (gned to legislate emergency measures and disaster relief ) Tj -133.5 -21 TD -0.0329 Tc 0.1996 Tw (during and after a flood. It describes the cost) Tj 216.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0353 Tc 0.1603 Tw (sharing agreement between the Federal and ) Tj -221.25 -20.25 TD -0.0351 Tc 0.2601 Tw (Provincial governments for repairing, strengthening and constructing of structural flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0525 Tc 0.0525 Tw (controls. No simil) Tj 88.5 0 TD -0.026 Tc 0.026 Tw (ar cost) Tj 31.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.2928 Tw (sharing arrangements are made for the purpose of non) Tj 259.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -384 -20.25 TD -0.076 Tc 0.4927 Tw (structural approaches to flood damage reduction. Howver, this ) Tj 305.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0453 Tc -0.1422 Tw ( has essentially been ) Tj -321.75 -21 TD -0.0201 Tc 0.0201 Tw (subsumed by the Federal ) Tj 122.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0723 Tc -0.0723 Tw (Emergency Program Act.) Tj 123 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -248.25 -18.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -19.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0714 Tc 0.3714 Tw (In its 2000 submission to the Burns Bog Ecosystem Review, ) Tj 293.25 0 TD -0.0488 Tc 0.0488 Tw (West Coast Environmental ) Tj -293.25 -20.25 TD -0.1016 Tc 0.5016 Tw (Law proposed a Wetland Reserve Act, which would function in the same manner as the ) Tj 0 -21 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0349 Tc 0.0349 Tw (Forest Reserve Act) Tj 91.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.207 Tc 0.207 Tw ( and the ) Tj 39.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0293 Tc -0.0293 Tw (Agricultural Land Reserve Act) Tj 148.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.077 Tc 0.077 Tw (, in order to preserve ) Tj -279.75 -20.25 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1335 Tw (Provincially significant wetlands $West Coast Environmental Law 2000$) Tj 348.75 0 TD -0.057 Tc 0.207 Tw (. Such an act ) Tj -348.75 -21 TD -0.0763 Tc 0.4801 Tw (could be an effective means of impeding further development in valuable wetland water ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0589 Tc 0.3714 Tw (storage areas, thus improving natural flood control possibilities. Should the B.C. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.036 Tc 0.411 Tw (government adopt this legislation, it will only benefit non) Tj 276 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1074 Tc -0.6426 Tw (structural ) Tj 48 0 TD -0.1007 Tc 0.3507 Tw (flood control if ) Tj -328.5 -21 TD -0.0651 Tc 0.4112 Tw (flooding issues are at the forefront of publics and government interest. However, the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1179 Tc 0.5591 Tw (history in B.C. is that the province has never acted decisively to deal with flood issues in ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.3901 Tw (a balanced structural and non) Tj 140.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1066 Tc 0.8566 Tw (structural manner.) Tj 86.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -231 -17.25 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -30 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc 0 Tw (4.4) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD -0.027 Tc 0 Tw (Discussion) Tj 63.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -102.75 -12 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -18 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0135 Tc 0.201 Tw (There are both legislative opportunities and barriers to non) Tj 281.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0933 Tc 0.2808 Tw (structural flood control in ) Tj -285.75 -20.25 TD -0.0237 Tc 0.1391 Tw (B.C.. 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( ) Tj -172.5 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0296 Tc 0.1546 Tw (The summary of legislation clearly demonstrates that there are both opportunities and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.024 Tc 0.324 Tw (barriers to the promotion of non) Tj 153 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0924 Tc 0.6549 Tw (structural flood control in B.C) Tj 144.75 0 TD -0.0589 Tc 0.2464 Tw (.. However, the existence ) Tj -302.25 -20.25 TD -0.0584 Tc 0.3709 Tw (of appropriate legislation does not necessarily mean that appropriate decisions are made ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0594 Tc 0.4094 Tw (with regards to flood control. Unless there is broad public and political support for non) Tj 419.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -419.25 -21 TD -0.0668 Tc 0.3883 Tw (traditional flood control approaches, none of the ) Tj 234.75 0 TD -0.0525 Tc 0.2668 Tw (legislation described above will be used. ) Tj -234.75 -20.25 TD -0.0857 Tc 0.5143 Tw (The existence of appropriate and useful legislation does not necessarily mean that it will ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0235 Tc 0.1307 Tw (be employed. Many of the legislative opportunities described above are enabling and not ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0343 Tc 0.0343 Tw (regulatory, and as such require t) Tj 153.75 0 TD -0.0394 Tc 0.1076 Tw (hat the political will be motivated to use these pieces of ) Tj -153.75 -21 TD -0.0958 Tc 0.4458 Tw (legislation. B.C. has a poor historical record when it comes to following through on ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0449 Tc 0.2592 Tw (flood control policy. Substantial action, using current legislation, needs to take place in ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0064 Tc 0.3814 Tw (British Columbia i) Tj 89.25 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.3643 Tw (mmediately if the Federal and Provincial government are to avoid ) Tj -89.25 -21 TD -0.0726 Tc 0.4059 Tw (excessive damages when the next big Fraser River flood hits.) Tj 293.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -293.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0827 Tc 0.4577 Tw (Additionally, a variety of inter) Tj 145.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0587 Tc 0.3399 Tw (governmental legislative conflicts need to be resolved. ) Tj -150 -21 TD -0.1363 Tc 0.672 Tw (There is a need to harmonize all relate) Tj 183 0 TD 0.083 Tc 0.667 Tw (d legislation) Tj 59.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (\227) Tj 12 0 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.0074 Tw ( Federal and Provincial, regional, ) Tj -254.25 -20.25 TD -0.0065 Tc 0.7565 Tw (and municipal) Tj 67.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (\227) Tj 12.75 0 TD -0.0522 Tc 0.2253 Tw (to promote a single set of flood plain goals. Clearly, a substantive ) Tj -80.25 -21 TD -0.0802 Tc 0.4841 Tw (Federal flood policy is required to guide Provincial and local governments to make ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0347 Tc 0.0347 Tw (intelligent choices. ) Tj 93 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -93 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -31.5 TD /F2 11.25 Tf -0.0152 Tc -0.5473 Tw (Disincentives for) Tj 75.75 0 TD -0.0657 Tc -0.1218 Tw ( Local Government) Tj 84.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -160.5 -15 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0746 Tc 0.3961 Tw (In terms of flood plain management, the onus is on local government to create ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD 0.0655 Tc -0.0655 Tw (appropriate by) Tj 69 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0732 Tc 0.3732 Tw (laws and regulations that follow senior level governments guidelines. ) Tj -74.25 -21 TD -0.0608 Tc 0.4017 Tw (Senior governments have created a vast array of legislation that is desig) Tj 344.25 0 TD -0.0943 Tc 0.3443 Tw (ned to encompass ) Tj -344.25 -21 TD -0.0828 Tc 0.4109 Tw (the full spectrum of flood plain issues that might arise across the Province or nation. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0803 Tc 0.3482 Tw (However, this legislation may not be pertinent to the land use decisions of local ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0707 Tc 0.404 Tw (governments. Local governments need freedom as well as financial and) Tj 343.5 0 TD -0.0633 Tc -0.3117 Tw ( technical ) Tj -343.5 -20.25 TD -0.0734 Tc 0.4484 Tw (assistance from senior governments in order to make appropriate land use decisions. The ) Tj 0 -21 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0473 Tc -0.4223 Tw (Local Government Act) Tj 109.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0712 Tc 0.2962 Tw ( gives authority to local government to make the decisions, ) Tj ET endstream endobj 311 0 obj 4522 endobj 312 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 297 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 313 0 R >> endobj 313 0 obj << /Length 314 0 R >> stream BT 301.5 63.75 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (81) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -220.5 645.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1118 Tc 0.4868 Tw (however, the ) Tj 64.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.082 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0911 Tc 0.432 Tw ( does not obligate local government in any way to designate ) Tj 291 0 TD -0.0682 Tc 0.0682 Tw (flood plains ) Tj -372 -21 TD -0.0461 Tc 0.2769 Tw (or to zone the land appropriately. Additionally, neither the Federal or Provincial ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0802 Tc 0.484 Tw (governments give guidance with regards to appropriate zoning of flood plains. Thus, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1177 Tc 0.7177 Tw (local governments have few incentives to make intelligent land use decisio) Tj 359.25 0 TD -0.234 Tc 0.734 Tw (ns that will ) Tj -359.25 -20.25 TD -0.0369 Tc 0.4119 Tw (reduce the long) Tj 73.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0866 Tc 0.4616 Tw (term costs and damages associated with flooding.) Tj 237 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -315 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.058 Tc 0.3464 Tw (In 1993, MELP proposed that floodplain management plans should be enabled under the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.069 Tc 0.069 Tw (Municipal Act) Tj 68.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0516 Tc 0.3328 Tw (, and that the Provincial government create accompanying ) Tj 282 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Guidelines for ) Tj -350.25 -21 TD -0.063 Tc (Floodpla) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0.0251 Tc -0.0251 Tw (in Management Plans) Tj 105.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0652 Tc 0.3152 Tw ( $British Columbia MELP 1993$. These guidelines would ) Tj -149.25 -20.25 TD -0.0683 Tc 0.4774 Tw (have helped local governments to make appropriate local decisions under provincial ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0639 Tc 0.4389 Tw (legislation. Unfortunately, floodplain management plans were not enabled in either the ) Tj T* /F2 12 Tf -0.0414 Tc 0.0414 Tw (Municipal A) Tj 59.25 0 TD 0.168 Tc 0.582 Tw (ct ) Tj 12 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.102 Tc 0.2895 Tw (or its successor the ) Tj 93 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.1238 Tc -0.1238 Tw (Local Government Act,) Tj 113.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0967 Tc 0.2842 Tw ( nor were floodplain ) Tj -277.5 -20.25 TD -0.0584 Tc 0.3263 Tw (management guidelines created. Once again, flood plains were once again left at the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0875 Tc 0.525 Tw (mercy of local government policies, which have neither the obligation nor the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0965 Tc 0.3465 Tw (information to make rationa) Tj 134.25 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0.036 Tw (l choices. ) Tj 48 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -182.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0736 Tc 0.4486 Tw (The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources has provided guidance to local level ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0333 Tc 0.1166 Tw (governments. In 1997, the Ontario government published a ) Tj 288.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0439 Tc -0.0439 Tw (Provincial Policy Statement) Tj 136.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -425.25 -21 TD -0.0254 Tc -0.1246 Tw ($PPS$ to accompany the Provincial ) Tj 170.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0682 Tc 0.3068 Tw (Planning Act ) Tj 66.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0314 Tc 0.0314 Tw ($Ontario 1990$. This document ) Tj 154.5 0 TD 0.041 Tc -0.041 Tw (aims to ) Tj -391.5 -20.25 TD -0.072 Tc 0.5095 Tw (empower municipalities to implement Provincial interests at the local level. Guidance for ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0408 Tc 0.1658 Tw (municipal planning decisions is given through the PPS and related documents, which ) Tj T* -0.0349 Tc 0.3349 Tw (describe the Ontario concept of flood plain management $Ontario Ministry of) Tj 370.5 0 TD 0.0017 Tc -0.3767 Tw ( Natural ) Tj -370.5 -20.25 TD -0.0747 Tc 0.4785 Tw (Resources 2001$. Thus, in Ontario, local governments retain authority to manage flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0804 Tc 0.4843 Tw (plain land uses. However unlike in B.C., the Ontario government provides assistance to ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0897 Tc 0.567 Tw (local governments to help them make decisions that will improve flooding ) Tj 360 0 TD 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw (consequences ) Tj -360 -21 TD -0.035 Tc 0.1849 Tw (for themselves and neighbouring communities. ) Tj 228 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -228 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -30.75 TD /F2 11.25 Tf -0.0765 Tc 0.014 Tw (Responsibility and Control Conflicts) Tj 162 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -162 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0478 Tc 0.2978 Tw (In addition to legislative impediments to a favourable relationship between local and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0682 Tc 0.4091 Tw (senior level governments there are financial and control barriers. The ) Tj 337.5 0 TD -0.0369 Tc -0.3381 Tw (continuance of ) Tj ET endstream endobj 314 0 obj 4655 endobj 315 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 316 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 317 0 R >> endobj 316 0 obj << /Kids [ 315 0 R 319 0 R 322 0 R 325 0 R 328 0 R 331 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 422 0 R >> endobj 317 0 obj << /Length 318 0 R >> stream BT 301.5 63.75 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (82) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -220.5 645.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0862 Tc 0.4901 Tw (disaster payments from senior level governments has led to a situation where all ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0769 Tc 0.4231 Tw (Canadian taxpayers assume the liability for flood losses, without the advantage of any ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.093 Tc 0.593 Tw (strategies to limit financial exposure. Conversely, local level governme) Tj 345 0 TD -0.1183 Tc 0.1183 Tw (nts have control ) Tj -345 -21 TD -0.0926 Tc 0.4896 Tw (of land use decisions, which can be used to limit flood risk, yet, have no responsibility for ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0571 Tc 0.2714 Tw (damage that will occur because of their decisions. Thus, lower level government enjoy ) Tj 0 -21 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0246 Tc 0.7746 Tw (benefits without responsibilities) Tj 162.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1023 Tc 0.2898 Tw (, and senior governments ) Tj 122.25 0 TD 0.116 Tc -0.116 Tw (are ) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0954 Tc 0.8454 Tw (liable without control.) Tj 112.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -415.5 -21 TD -0.0649 Tc 0.3649 Tw (Viewed with the advantage of hindsight, it is difficult to understand how the Federal and ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0362 Tc 0.3577 Tw (Provincial Canadian governments could have adopted such short) Tj 310.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0511 Tc 0.3011 Tw (sighted policies toward ) Tj -315 -21 TD -0.1214 Tc 0.1214 Tw (flood control.) Tj 64.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 318 0 obj 1543 endobj 319 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 316 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 320 0 R >> endobj 320 0 obj << /Length 321 0 R >> stream BT 301.5 63.75 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (83) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -220.5 647.25 TD ( ) Tj 62.25 -27 TD /F3 14.25 Tf 0.0272 Tc -0.2387 Tw (Chapter 5: ) Tj 72.75 0 TD -0.1396 Tc -0.0719 Tw (Recommendations and Conclusion) Tj 234.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.2115 Tw ( ) Tj -369.75 -15.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -25.5 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc 0 Tw (5.1) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0 Tw (We) Tj 18 0 TD 0.0315 Tc -0.0675 Tw ( Are Going to get Wet) Tj 122.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -176.25 -16.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1078 Tc 0.5245 Tw (There is little doubt that a major flood will affect the Lower Fraser Valley in future. The ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0561 Tc 0.2766 Tw (problem lies in accurately predicting the timing and severity of such an event. It is clear ) Tj T* -0.0644 Tc 0.3858 Tw (that passivity by all levels of government, wit) Tj 219.75 0 TD -0.1 Tc 0.4214 Tw (h regards to flood plain management has ) Tj -219.75 -20.25 TD -0.0734 Tc 0.3949 Tw (created a risk for millions of British Columbians; risks related to flood damage and ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0554 Tc 0.3438 Tw (potential loss of life. Given the current institutional arrangements for controlling flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0671 Tc 0.4421 Tw (plain occupancy in the province, the nu) Tj 189 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.3844 Tw (mber of people at risk will continue to increase in ) Tj -189 -21 TD -0.078 Tc 0.3593 Tw (the future as a result of population growth. ) Tj 207 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -207 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0259 Tc 0.1413 Tw (Over 50 % of the Lower Mainland population currently reside behind flood control ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0445 Tc 0.1695 Tw (structures $B.C. MELP n.d.a$, each of who are susceptible to failure during ) Tj 363 0 TD -0.1271 Tc 0.6271 Tw (a large flood ) Tj -363 -20.25 TD -0.0786 Tc 0.4286 Tw (event. The expected arrival of immigrants to the region will increase the number of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0408 Tc 0.2138 Tw (homes and businesses at risk. Continued development in \223urban exempt areas\224 has ) Tj T* -0.034 Tc 0.184 Tw (exacerbated the problem by directing development to flood plain areas, creat) Tj 368.25 0 TD -0.1093 Tc 0.1093 Tw (ing a cycle ) Tj -368.25 -20.25 TD -0.0243 Tc 0.1607 Tw (of \223serial engineering\224. \223Serial engineering\224 describes a process of building structural ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0446 Tc 0.3173 Tw (flood control for protection, which subsequently attracts further development that itself ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0137 Tc 0.1804 Tw (which requires increased levels of structural protection. Not on) Tj 305.25 0 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.0101 Tw (ly does this cycle degrade ) Tj -305.25 -21 TD -0.0602 Tc 0.3486 Tw (the natural environment, it also creates spiralling costs, as structures need to be ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0322 Tc 0.1686 Tw (maintained and rehabilitated on a continual basis. Structural maintenance and ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0192 Tc 0.1858 Tw (improvements cannot always keep pace with development and the ever) Tj 341.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0615 Tc 0.0615 Tw (changing ) Tj -345.75 -21 TD -0.0389 Tc 0.1639 Tw (hydrological characteristics of the river, thus the risk to residents \223protected\224 by ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0684 Tc 0.3684 Tw (structures is steadily increasing. This cycle must be broken if Fraser Valley residents are ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1371 Tc 0.6058 Tw (to be safe from flooding in the future. ) Tj 183 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -183 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.4656 Tw (All levels of government ) Tj 122.25 0 TD -0.0574 Tc 0.1511 Tw (\037 Federal, Provincial, Regional, and Municipal \037 have ) Tj -122.25 -21 TD -0.0872 Tc 0.4872 Tw (contributed in some way to the current situation. Local level governments with the full ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.039 Tc 0 Tw (co) Tj 11.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0575 Tc 0.3302 Tw (operation of senior governments have permitted families and businesses to invade ) Tj ET endstream endobj 321 0 obj 4112 endobj 322 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 316 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 323 0 R >> endobj 323 0 obj << /Length 324 0 R >> stream BT 301.5 63.75 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (84) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -220.5 645.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1455 Tc 0 Tw (floo) Tj 18.75 0 TD -0.0827 Tc 0.4577 Tw (d plains throughout the country for the last 100 years with full knowledge of the risk ) Tj -18.75 -21 TD -0.0566 Tc 0.291 Tw (this creates for property owners. For the most part, landowners are ignorant of the flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.093 Tc 0.5545 Tw (risk to their homes and lives. Both senior and local level governments are gui) Tj 371.25 0 TD -0.1836 Tc -0.1914 Tw (lty of ) Tj -371.25 -21 TD -0.0235 Tc 0.1306 Tw (creating the current situation of Canada\222s densely populated flood plains. For this reason, ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0408 Tc 0.2016 Tw (a concerted effort on the part of all governments and private citizens is needed ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0781 Tc 0.4948 Tw (immediately if immense future flooding damage is to be avoided.) Tj 313.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -313.5 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc (5.2) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD -0.0762 Tc 0 Tw (Structures) Tj 60 0 TD 0.0254 Tc -0.3614 Tw (, Structures Everywhere) Tj 137.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -233.25 -16.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0578 Tc 0.4328 Tw (Concerns regarding B.C.\222s dependence on structural flood control measures were ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0383 Tc 0.199 Tw (originally voiced during the 1950s and 1960s $Sewell 1965$. Yet, structures continue to ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0162 Tc 0.1662 Tw (form the primary defense against floodwaters; over 600 km of di) Tj 309.75 0 TD -0.0447 Tc 0.2322 Tw (kes protect the Lower ) Tj -309.75 -21 TD -0.0767 Tc 0.3892 Tw (Mainland alone. Conversely, B.C. did not make full use of Federal ) Tj 325.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.009 Tc -0.009 Tw (FDR Program) Tj 69.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -395.25 -21 TD -0.0608 Tc 0.3287 Tw (funding to map the entire Fraser River flood plain, which remains poorly covered $B.C. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0685 Tc 0.3685 Tw (MELP n.d.b$. This policy contributed to the continuing dependence o) Tj 336.75 0 TD -0.0703 Tc 0.3203 Tw (n structures and ) Tj -336.75 -21 TD -0.0208 Tc 0.3208 Tw (reduced the possibility of initiating non) Tj 188.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1043 Tc 0.6668 Tw (structural measures for flood control.) Tj 177.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -370.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0558 Tc 0.3442 Tw (Structural flood control measures can be effective at mitigating damages to flood plain ) Tj T* -0.0425 Tc 0.4175 Tw (development. However, there is overwhelming evidence that structures) Tj 344.25 0 TD -0.0951 Tc 0.2826 Tw ( will not protect ) Tj -344.25 -20.25 TD -0.1387 Tc 0.8887 Tw (residents in the long) Tj 96 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0424 Tc 0.3236 Tw (term, will become increasingly expensive and will cause ) Tj -100.5 -21 TD -0.0132 Tc 0.0965 Tw (immeasurable environmental degradation. Structural flood control, although relatively ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0288 Tc 0.3016 Tw (successful to date, is not likely to prevent substantial damage from occu) Tj 345 0 TD -0.0979 Tc 0.4729 Tw (rring in the Fraser ) Tj -345 -21 TD -0.0823 Tc 0.4323 Tw (Valley when the next flood of record strikes. In the meantime, structures continue to ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0437 Tc 0.2482 Tw (exert an unnecessarily heavy demand on government coffers, and cause extensive ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0471 Tc 0.2971 Tw (environmental degradation. British Columbia needs to take decisive ac) Tj 342 0 TD -0.0448 Tc 0.4198 Tw (tion immediately ) Tj -342 -21 TD -0.0307 Tc 0.3035 Tw (to modify the current reactive structural approach into a more proactive non) Tj 363.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0324 Tc 0.0324 Tw (structural ) Tj -368.25 -20.25 TD -0.0921 Tc 0.6546 Tw (strategy for flood control management.) Tj 186.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -186.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 324 0 obj 4055 endobj 325 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 316 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 326 0 R >> endobj 326 0 obj << /Length 327 0 R >> stream BT 301.5 63.75 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (85) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -220.5 645 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc 0 Tw (5.3) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0.0501 Tc -0.3861 Tw (A Natural Approach to Flood Damage Reduction) Tj 275.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -311.25 -15.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0563 Tc 0.3063 Tw (An alternative strategy to reducing flood losses exists based o) Tj 296.25 0 TD -0.0913 Tc 0.3913 Tw (n the goal of restoring ) Tj -296.25 -21 TD -0.0869 Tc 0.5155 Tw (hydrologic functions in a river system, and reducing the number of people vulnerable to ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0306 Tc 0.0931 Tw (floods. Reinstatement of biological and hydrologic processes reduces the severity of ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0394 Tc 0.2537 Tw (flooding, and decreases the number of vulnerable propertie) Tj 282.75 0 TD -0.0175 Tc -0.1075 Tw (s, thus reducing the cost of ) Tj -282.75 -20.25 TD -0.0405 Tc 0.2012 Tw (future flood events. The positive externalities, or side effects, of this approach are ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.05 Tc 0.35 Tw (numerous: overall environmental quality is improved; agricultural irrigation can be ) Tj T* -0.0444 Tc 0.2944 Tw (augmented; commercial and sport fisheries are enhanced;) Tj 275.25 0 TD 0.0143 Tc -0.0143 Tw ( recreation and environmental ) Tj -275.25 -20.25 TD -0.0371 Tc 0.1734 Tw (education possibilities are increased; and local economies may be enhanced through ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0481 Tc 0.2088 Tw (community revitalisation. However, the extent of flow control and additional benefits in ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0088 Tc 0.0921 Tw (the Fraser Valley are unknown at this time. Further) Tj 248.25 0 TD -0.0495 Tc 0.3495 Tw ( research into hydrological best ) Tj -248.25 -21 TD -0.0752 Tc 0.4791 Tw (management practices for the Fraser River Valley or similar watersheds is required in ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0442 Tc 0.3775 Tw (order to ensure complete benefits from the use of non) Tj 256.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0342 Tc 0.2842 Tw (structural flood control approaches.) Tj 170.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -431.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0909 Tc 0.5909 Tw (Examples of successful natural flood control ) Tj 216.75 0 TD -0.054 Tc 0.429 Tw (projects are found across Ontario, Europe ) Tj -216.75 -20.25 TD -0.06 Tc 0.31 Tw (and the United States. Despite the proven advantages of such an approach, and the ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0619 Tc 0.4028 Tw (obvious disadvantages associated with the singular reliance on structures for flood ) Tj T* -0.0501 Tc 0.1572 Tw (control, British Columbia continues to rely on ) Tj 223.5 0 TD -0.0722 Tc 0.4472 Tw (structural measures as the first defence ) Tj -223.5 -20.25 TD -0.0728 Tc 0.8227 Tw (against flooding.) 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-0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -103.5 -12 TD 0.0454 Tc 0.5171 Tw (Structural Flood Management) Tj 129 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 371.25 18 60.75 54 re f BT 0 -1 1 0 60.75 328.5 Tm 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (88) Tj ET BT 0 -1 1 0 60.75 319.5 Tm 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 337 0 obj 14570 endobj 338 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 335 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 339 0 R >> endobj 339 0 obj << /Length 340 0 R >> stream BT 301.5 77.25 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (89) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -220.5 632.25 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc (5.7) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD -0.0316 Tc 0 Tw (Legislation) Tj 63 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -99 -15.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0612 Tc 0.465 Tw (Flood legislation in B.C., for the most part, includes many opportunities to promote non) Tj 421.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -421.5 -20.25 TD -0.0354 Tc 0.1854 Tw (structural flood control adjustments $see ) Tj 195.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -195.75 -21 TD -0.3648 Tc (Table) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 3 0 TD (4) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (5) Tj 6 0 TD -0.123 Tc 0.123 Tw ($. ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.0923 Tc 0.7173 Tw ( Especially when legislation is used imagi) Tj 201.75 0 TD -0.0937 Tc 0.4687 Tw (natively in order to realize flood ) Tj -257.25 -20.25 TD -0.0461 Tc 0.0461 Tw (control benefits. ) Tj 84 0 TD -0.0791 Tc 0.42 Tw (However, in some instances there is a need to remove legislative ) Tj -84 -21 TD -0.0565 Tc 0.3292 Tw (barriers, and improve legislative opportunities. Unfortunately, much of this legislation ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0887 Tc 0.5172 Tw (has not been used to promote a non) Tj 168.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0365 Tc 0.0365 Tw (structural a) Tj 53.25 0 TD -0.0238 Tc 0.1488 Tw (pproach to flood damage reduction. ) Tj -226.5 -20.25 TD -0.0614 Tc 0.3114 Tw (Policy making defaults to the structural and reactive measures to combat potential ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.065 Tc 0.365 Tw (flooding. This situation must be reversed for B.C. to avoid potentially heavy losses of ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0847 Tc 0.4597 Tw (life and property in future flood events.) Tj 188.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -188.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.31 Tc (5.8) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (The N) Tj 33.75 0 TD -0.168 Tc 0.207 Tw (eed for Basin) Tj 75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.062 Tc -0.398 Tw (Wide Planning Institutions) Tj 151.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -300 -15.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0943 Tc 0.4157 Tw (Senior level governments can aid in the co) Tj 203.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0602 Tc 0.4352 Tw (ordination of flood management through the ) Tj -207.75 -20.25 TD -0.0412 Tc 0.2555 Tw (creation and funding of watershed institutions. Co) Tj 243 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0492 Tc 0.0492 Tw (ordination and co) Tj 83.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0349 Tc -0.3401 Tw (operation between ) Tj -335.25 -21 TD -0.1105 Tc 0.5391 Tw (and within governments is cited as an ob) Tj 195 0 TD 0.0082 Tc 0.7418 Tw (stacle to non) Tj 60.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0692 Tc 0.3692 Tw (structural flood control. Watershed ) Tj -260.25 -20.25 TD -0.0445 Tc 0.2752 Tw (institutions such as the Fraser Basin Council in B.C. and some Conservation Authorities ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0645 Tc 0.4395 Tw (in Ontario have shown that intelligent and effective flood plain management decisions ) Tj T* -0.0916 Tc 0.2416 Tw (can be made when communication ) Tj 168.75 0 TD -0.0097 Tc 0.1168 Tw (channels are open $Fraser Basin Council 2000; ) Tj -168.75 -20.25 TD -0.0265 Tc 0.1336 Tw (Brown, Moin and Nicolson. 1997$. Continued funding and support for these, and other ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0599 Tc 0.4765 Tw (innovative institutions is vital to the promotion of a non) Tj 267 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0689 Tc 0.4439 Tw (structural approach to flood ) Tj -271.5 -20.25 TD -0.1028 Tc 0.1028 Tw (damage reduction.) Tj 87.75 0 TD 0.123 Tc -0.123 Tw ( Co) Tj 20.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0508 Tc 0.0508 Tw (ordination and ) Tj 72 0 TD -0.039 Tc 0 Tw (co) Tj 11.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0599 Tc 0.4349 Tw (operation amongst different issue groups will ) Tj -200.25 -21 TD -0.0605 Tc 0.5605 Tw (provide impetus to initiate publicly supported, multi) Tj 249 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.012 Tc -0.012 Tw (purpose projects, which can provide ) Tj -253.5 -21 TD -0.0514 Tc 0.2014 Tw (an array of flood control benefits.) 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However, this level of control also ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0886 Tc 0.5172 Tw (needs to come with responsibility. Given that local solutions to flood management are ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1284 Tc 0.5034 Tw (required, how can senior gove) Tj 144.75 0 TD -0.0768 Tc 0.5053 Tw (rnments support local government given the current ) Tj -144.75 -20.25 TD -0.052 Tc 0.3645 Tw (institutional arrangements? In fact, there are several opportunities for senior government ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1032 Tc 0.6389 Tw (involvement in the management of local flood plains.) Tj 255.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -255.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0976 Tc 0.5976 Tw (First, there is a need to gradually shift financial respons) Tj 267 0 TD -0.0749 Tc 0.3249 Tw (ibility and control to flood plain ) Tj -267 -21 TD -0.0609 Tc 0.3493 Tw (residents and their local governing bodies. 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The ) Tj 92.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0056 Tc 0.0056 Tw (Canada Water Act) Tj 90 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.222 Tc 0.597 Tw ( states that no ) Tj -327 -20.25 TD -0.0403 Tc 0.1903 Tw (funding will be given in cases where buildings on designated flood plains are damaged. ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0586 Tc 0.3264 Tw (However, funds continue to be handed out; in effect, flood plain property owners are ) Tj T* -0.0231 Tc 0.2106 Tw (currently subsidized by the enti) Tj 150 0 TD -0.048 Tc 0.423 Tw (re nation, in the form of post) Tj 138 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0998 Tc 0.3997 Tw (disaster payments. There is ) Tj -292.5 -20.25 TD -0.0714 Tc 0.3361 Tw (a need for senior level governments to act, or in this case, not act when floods cause ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0581 Tc 0.3466 Tw (damage in designated areas. Second, senior level governments need to provide incentives ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0777 Tc 0.4527 Tw (to insurance compani) Tj 102 0 TD -0.152 Tc 0.652 Tw (es to insure at) Tj 66 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0644 Tc 0.3859 Tw (risk properties. Overland flood insurance would ) Tj -172.5 -21 TD -0.0803 Tc 0.4841 Tw (require that flood plain owners assume financial responsibility for the risk of flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.038 Tc 0.538 Tw (damage. Thus, non) Tj 93.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0792 Tc 0.4542 Tw (flood plain owners would no longer be responsible for damages ) Tj -98.25 -20.25 TD -0.106 Tc 0.606 Tw (experienced by those liv) Tj 116.25 0 TD -0.065 Tc 0.2957 Tw (ing on flood plains. The NFIP in the U.S. is an excellent ) Tj -116.25 -21 TD -0.0473 Tc 0.2616 Tw (example of how such a Federally aided program could benefit more rational flood control ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0971 Tc 0.5471 Tw (policy in Canada. It is time that senior level governments stop disbursing disaster funds, ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.076 Tc 0.826 Tw (and instead creat) Tj 80.25 0 TD -0.0691 Tc 0.3576 Tw (e an opportunity for flood plain residents to insure themselves. If this ) Tj -80.25 -21 TD -0.0269 Tc 0.2144 Tw (does not occur, flood plain residents will continue to exploit the current post) Tj 366 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0825 Tc 0.0825 Tw (disaster ) Tj -370.5 -20.25 TD -0.0477 Tc 0.2784 Tw (payment system by over developing flood plains. Control and responsibility for flood ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.041 Tc 0.791 Tw (plain f) Tj 30.75 0 TD -0.1083 Tc 0.5856 Tw (lood management must be shifted to local government to achieve this goal.) 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At this time, many flood) Tj 357.75 0 TD 0.0064 Tc -0.0064 Tw ( plain residents ) Tj -357.75 -20.25 TD -0.0707 Tc 0.3519 Tw (are oblivious to the risk to themselves and their property. Additionally, there is a false ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0321 Tc 0.0946 Tw (sense of security created by senior governments through the existence of DFA ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0544 Tc 0.2687 Tw (arrangements. Private citizens will be awarded post) Tj 249 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.0098 Tw (disaster payments) Tj 85.5 0 TD -0.0372 Tc 0.2247 Tw ( regardless of the ) Tj -339 -21 TD -0.0828 Tc 0.3744 Tw (level of risk they have assumed by living or doing business on the flood plain. A further ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0167 Tc 0.3917 Tw (deterrent to non) Tj 75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0549 Tc 0.2799 Tw (structural approaches to flood damage reduction is the appearance of ) Tj -79.5 -20.25 TD -0.0456 Tc 0.2331 Tw (structural reliability. Structures are easy to understand, ) Tj 268.5 0 TD -0.0103 Tc 0.0103 Tw (whereas alternative adjustments ) Tj -268.5 -21 TD -0.0527 Tc 0.3411 Tw (to flood damage reduction require a greater understanding of complex riparian processes. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0259 Tc 0.2509 Tw (Thus, at this time, private citizens are unlikely to support non) Tj 294 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0703 Tc 0.3203 Tw (structural flood damage ) Tj -298.5 -21 TD -0.0522 Tc 0.3022 Tw (reduction measures because they continue to b) Tj 222.75 0 TD -0.027 Tc 0.152 Tw (elieve that government will protect their ) Tj -222.75 -21 TD -0.0772 Tc 0.4522 Tw (assets through structures and post) Tj 160.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.0092 Tw (disaster payments. ) Tj 94.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -259.5 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.033 Tc 0.0907 Tw (Senior level governments can also be effective at educating both publics and policy ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0216 Tc 0.2466 Tw (makers about flood processes and the various adjustments available to com) Tj 360 0 TD -0.0485 Tc 0.2985 Tw (bat flooding. ) Tj -360 -21 TD -0.0412 Tc 0.3224 Tw (National campaigns aimed at publics will improve local buy) Tj 288.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.1124 Tc 0.2999 Tw (in and increase voluntary ) Tj -294 -21 TD -0.0626 Tc 0.3126 Tw (actions that enhance flood control naturally. The Federal government can also act as a ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0824 Tc 0.4233 Tw (guide and mentor for other policy makers, helping them to make appro) Tj 339 0 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0008 Tw (priate decisions ) Tj -339 -21 TD -0.1008 Tc 0.5227 Tw (regarding flood plain management. There is a need for the federal government to create a ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0732 Tc 0.3857 Tw (forum for discussion of best management practices for flood plain management through ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0472 Tc 0.4639 Tw (existing institutions and ministries. Such a forum would improv) Tj 309 0 TD -0.0402 Tc 0.2902 Tw (e information exchange ) Tj -309 -21 TD -0.0494 Tc 0.3494 Tw (and the efficacy of watershed institutions.) Tj 200.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -200.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.033 Tc 0.533 Tw (Citizen support for non) Tj 111 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0763 Tc 0.4096 Tw (structural flood damage reduction measures will only arise from ) Tj -115.5 -20.25 TD -0.0541 Tc 0.2684 Tw (changes to policy changes by all levels of government. First, through media campaigns ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0475 Tc 0.0475 Tw (governments c) Tj 69.75 0 TD -0.069 Tc 0.444 Tw (an foster greater level of understanding amongst the publics and create the ) Tj -69.75 -21 TD -0.0416 Tc 0.2291 Tw (opportunity to explore alternatives to structural flood control. Second, and more ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0745 Tc 0.3557 Tw (persuasive, is the shift of the cost of flood protection to the private citizens who are ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0615 Tc 0 Tw (individu) Tj 39 0 TD -0.0431 Tc 0.1931 Tw (ally at risk, and away from Canadian taxpayers as a whole. Currently, the DFA ) Tj ET endstream endobj 346 0 obj 4759 endobj 347 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 335 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 348 0 R >> endobj 348 0 obj << /Length 349 0 R >> stream BT 301.5 77.25 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (92) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -220.5 632.25 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0473 Tc 0.2973 Tw (arrangements charge all tax payers for flood damages, greatly subsidizing flood plain ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0867 Tc 0.4617 Tw (dwellers. Senior level governments need to desist from paying out for post) Tj 360 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.0064 Tc -0.0064 Tw (disaster costs.) Tj 66.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -431.25 -20.25 TD -0.0348 Tc 0.1848 Tw (Instead, flood plain dwellers should pay for their own risk privately. However, given that ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0534 Tc 0.3659 Tw (senior level governments have created the current situation of densely populated flood ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.058 Tc 0.2626 Tw (plains, without properly informing property owners of the flood risk, they ) Tj 356.25 0 TD -0.072 Tc 0.322 Tw (are in part ) Tj -356.25 -21 TD -0.0759 Tc 0.3847 Tw (liable to create and fund a solution. Thus it is only fair that senior level governments ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0684 Tc 0.3684 Tw (must help the insurance industry create a suitable program to fund disaster costs. Further ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0611 Tc 0.3111 Tw (research into creating an appropriate program is necessary at ) Tj 294 0 TD -0.0473 Tc 0.0473 Tw (this time.) Tj 44.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -338.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -24.75 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.0323 Tc -0.2198 Tw (Table ) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.2467 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.375 Tc (1) Tj 5.25 0 TD 0.1208 Tc -0.0583 Tw (: Summary of recommendations) Tj 138 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -39 -20.25 TD /F7 12 Tf -0.0042 Tc 0.0042 Tw (Summary of Recommendations) Tj 155.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET 93 509.25 0.75 0.75 re f 93 509.25 0.75 0.75 re f 93.75 509.25 423.75 0.75 re f 517.5 509.25 0.75 0.75 re f 517.5 509.25 0.75 0.75 re f 93 489 0.75 20.25 re f 517.5 489 0.75 20.25 re f 0.651 0.651 0.651 rg 99.75 467.25 413.25 21 re f BT 99.75 477.75 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf -0.1183 Tc (General) Tj 40.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET 0.651 0.651 0.651 rg 94.5 467.25 5.25 21 re f 513 467.25 4.5 21 re f 0 0 0 rg 93 488.25 0.75 0.75 re f 93.75 488.25 423.75 0.75 re f 517.5 488.25 0.75 0.75 re f 93 467.25 0.75 21 re f 517.5 467.25 0.75 21 re f BT 99.75 456.75 TD /F1 12 Tf (1.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0428 Tc 0.1582 Tw (Break the cycle of \223serial engineering\224 by ceasing to build structural flood control ) Tj 396.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -414.75 -20.25 TD (2.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD 0.0105 Tc -0.0105 Tw (Implement alternative policy adjustm) Tj 179.25 0 TD -0.1455 Tc 0 Tw (ents) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -216 -21 TD (3.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0625 Tc 0.2125 Tw (Target policy alternatives to local situations) Tj 209.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -227.25 -20.25 TD (4.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0757 Tc 0.0757 Tw (Reform benefit) Tj 72 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0698 Tc 0.8198 Tw (cost analysis framework to include non) Tj 188.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0586 Tc 0.0586 Tw (monetary externalities) Tj 105.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET 93 384.75 0.75 82.5 re f 517.5 384.75 0.75 82.5 re f 0.651 0.651 0.651 rg 99.75 363.75 413.25 21 re f BT 99.75 374.25 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0.0976 Tc (Legislation) Tj 56.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET 0.651 0.651 0.651 rg 94.5 363.75 5.25 21 re f 513 363.75 4.5 21 re f 0 0 0 rg 93 363.75 0.75 21 re f 517.5 363.75 0.75 21 re f BT 99.75 353.25 TD /F1 12 Tf (1.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0354 Tc 0.4104 Tw (Remove legislative barriers to non) Tj 164.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.0158 Tc 0.3592 Tw (structural flood control) Tj 110.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -297 -20.25 TD (2.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0677 Tc 0.4427 Tw (Enable appropriate legislation as in Figure 4) Tj 212.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (5) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 93 322.5 0.75 41.25 re f 517.5 322.5 0.75 41.25 re f 0.651 0.651 0.651 rg 99.75 302.25 413.25 20.25 re f BT 99.75 312 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0.3105 Tc (Basi) Tj 22.5 0 TD 0.078 Tc (n) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.126 Tc 0.126 Tw (Wide Institutions) Tj 88.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET 0.651 0.651 0.651 rg 94.5 302.25 5.25 20.25 re f 513 302.25 4.5 20.25 re f 0 0 0 rg 93 302.25 0.75 20.25 re f 517.5 302.25 0.75 20.25 re f BT 99.75 291.75 TD /F1 12 Tf (1.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0353 Tc 0.2495 Tw (Create watershed institutions to facilitate communication, education, co) Tj 343.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -343.5 -21 TD -0.0492 Tc 0.0492 Tw (ordination and co) Tj 83.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0359 Tc 0.2234 Tw (operation among all levels of government and other ) Tj -87.75 -21 TD -0.0615 Tc 0 Tw (stakeholders) Tj 59.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET 93 240 0.75 62.25 re f 517.5 240 0.75 62.25 re f 0.651 0.651 0.651 rg 99.75 219 413.25 21 re f BT 99.75 229.5 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf -0.0319 Tc 0.0319 Tw (Responsibility Shift) Tj 99.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET 0.651 0.651 0.651 rg 94.5 219 5.25 21 re f 513 219 4.5 21 re f 0 0 0 rg 93 219 0.75 21 re f 517.5 219 0.75 21 re f BT 99.75 208.5 TD /F1 12 Tf (1.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0433 Tc 0.4183 Tw (Rectify the current situation of local governments who en) Tj 276 0 TD -0.0417 Tc 0.2917 Tw (joy benefits without ) Tj -276 -20.25 TD -0.0531 Tc 0.3531 Tw (responsibility and of senior level governments who experience liability without ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.072 Tc 0 Tw (control) Tj 33 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -51 -21 TD (2.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.05 Tc 0.05 Tw (Discontinue post) Tj 80.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.0055 Tw (disaster assistance payments ) Tj 139.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -242.25 -20.25 TD (3.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0799 Tc 0.5174 Tw (Encourage insurance industry, with the help of senior level governments, to create ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1104 Tc 0.8604 Tw (overland flood in) Tj 81.75 0 TD 0.0373 Tc -0.0373 Tw (surance programs to replace post) Tj 158.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.0233 Tc -0.0233 Tw (disaster assistance payments) Tj 136.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET 93 95.25 0.75 123.75 re f 93 93.75 424.5 1.5 re f 517.5 95.25 0.75 123.75 re f 517.5 93.75 0.75 1.5 re f endstream endobj 349 0 obj 6356 endobj 350 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 335 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 351 0 R >> endobj 351 0 obj << /Length 352 0 R >> stream BT 301.5 77.25 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (93) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 0.651 0.651 0.651 rg 99.75 697.5 413.25 21 re f BT 99.75 708 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf -0.092 Tc 0.092 Tw (Citizen Involvement) Tj 102.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET 0.651 0.651 0.651 rg 94.5 697.5 5.25 21 re f 513 697.5 4.5 21 re f 0 0 0 rg 93 718.5 424.5 1.5 re f 517.5 718.5 0.75 1.5 re f 93 697.5 0.75 21 re f 517.5 697.5 0.75 21 re f BT 99.75 687 TD /F1 12 Tf (1.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0267 Tc 0.2995 Tw (Create public awareness programs to encourage voluntary efforts to pursue a non) Tj 389.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -389.25 -20.25 TD -0.0279 Tc 0.4779 Tw (structural approach to flood damage reduction) Tj 221.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -239.25 -21 TD (2.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0433 Tc 0.1933 Tw (Create economic incentives to encourage privat) Tj 228 0 TD -0.1133 Tc 0.5633 Tw (e citizens to increase flood ) Tj -228 -20.25 TD -0.0777 Tc 0.3277 Tw (awareness, and to flood) Tj 112.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0029 Tc 0.2529 Tw (proof homes and businesses) Tj 134.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET 93 615 0.75 82.5 re f 517.5 615 0.75 82.5 re f 0.651 0.651 0.651 rg 99.75 594 413.25 21 re f BT 99.75 604.5 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf (Additional Research) Tj 104.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 0.651 0.651 0.651 rg 94.5 594 5.25 21 re f 513 594 4.5 21 re f 0 0 0 rg 93 594 0.75 21 re f 517.5 594 0.75 21 re f BT 99.75 583.5 TD /F1 12 Tf (1.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0586 Tc 0.3264 Tw (Study the potential to initiate of wetland storage in the Fraser Basin, with specific ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.6035 Tw (interest in the best location for wetlands) Tj 191.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -209.25 -21 TD (2.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0355 Tc 0.0355 Tw (Conduct detailed economic) Tj 130.5 0 TD 0.0081 Tc 0.1586 Tw ( analysis of the costs and benefits of a non) Tj 203.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0324 Tc 0.0324 Tw (structural ) Tj -338.25 -20.25 TD -0.0383 Tc 0.3597 Tw (flood control approach in the Lower Fraser Valley) Tj 240.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET 93 511.5 0.75 82.5 re f 93 510.75 0.75 0.75 re f 93 510.75 0.75 0.75 re f 93.75 510.75 423.75 0.75 re f 517.5 511.5 0.75 82.5 re f 517.5 510.75 0.75 0.75 re f 517.5 510.75 0.75 0.75 re f BT 90 500.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0399 Tc 0.2274 Tw (The ideas presented in this research and conclusions are summarized in Figure 5) Tj 385.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.207 Tc 0.207 Tw (1 and ) Tj -390 -21 TD -0.2148 Tc 0.2148 Tw (Table ) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.1029 Tc 0.4779 Tw (. The obstacles in this fi) Tj 117.75 0 TD -0.0641 Tc 0.0641 Tw (gure are summarized in ) Tj 116.25 0 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.0648 Tw (Table ) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.1035 Tw ( and the policy ) Tj -326.25 -20.25 TD -0.082 Tc 0.2695 Tw (alternatives are summarized in ) Tj 150 0 TD -0.2148 Tc 0.2148 Tw (Table ) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 6 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1) Tj 6 0 TD (.) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -198.75 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -33.75 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.0255 Tc (5.11) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0.0271 Tc -0.3631 Tw (The Probability of Success) Tj 153 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -189 -15.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.5667 Tw (Progress in flood hazard management has been very slow in Canada. Research into non) Tj 422.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -422.25 -20.25 TD -0.0546 Tc 0.3671 Tw (structural flood management adjustments was first begun in the 1940s; little advancement ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0578 Tc 0.3078 Tw (has been made since with the exception of ecological concerns. Progress in the future ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0526 Tc 0.3987 Tw (will occur in one of two ways: either, through gradual, steady changes to policy) Tj 381.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( resulting ) Tj -381.75 -21 TD -0.0407 Tc 0.2014 Tw (from enlightened governance, or through rapid change after a large flood event. For ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0748 Tc 0.5123 Tw (example, many changes to flood management in the Mississippi Valley resulted directly ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0542 Tc 0.2685 Tw (from the disastrous flood of 1993. Non) Tj 189 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.0062 Tc 0.2438 Tw (structural policy knowledge coinci) Tj 166.5 0 TD -0.114 Tc 0.364 Tw (ded with this ) Tj -360 -21 TD -0.0655 Tc 0.2999 Tw (large flood event and a public support for change opened a brief policy window. This ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0375 Tc 0.4125 Tw (window allowed for proactive non) Tj 164.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0867 Tc 0.5555 Tw (structural flood management to be instituted in the ) Tj -168.75 -21 TD -0.0425 Tc 0.3152 Tw (Mississippi Valley. The Lower Fraser Valley could also be stimulated t) Tj 345 0 TD -0.1074 Tc 0.3574 Tw (o change its ) Tj -345 -21 TD -0.084 Tc 0.5007 Tw (approach to flood control through a similar large flood event.) Tj 293.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -293.25 -20.25 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 352 0 obj 5233 endobj 353 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 354 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 355 0 R >> endobj 354 0 obj << /Kids [ 353 0 R 357 0 R 360 0 R 363 0 R 366 0 R 369 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 422 0 R >> endobj 355 0 obj << /Length 356 0 R >> stream BT 301.5 77.25 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (94) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -220.5 631.5 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.0255 Tc 0 Tw (5.12) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0.0282 Tc -0.3642 Tw (Progress in the Lower Fraser Valley) Tj 203.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj -239.25 -15.75 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0647 Tc 0.3374 Tw (Flood plain management is a difficult game. It requires that ) Tj 291 0 TD -0.1025 Tc 0.5525 Tw (\223the risk associated with the ) Tj -291 -21 TD -0.0707 Tc 0.3922 Tw (floodplain [is balanced] against the desire to mak) Tj 235.5 0 TD -0.0591 Tc 0.3403 Tw (e use of floodplain lands\224 $Boyd et al. ) Tj -235.5 -20.25 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.1524 Tw (1999$. Numerous obstacles to non) Tj 166.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0295 Tc 0.0295 Tw (structural adjustments increase the difficulty of ) Tj -171 -21 TD -0.0517 Tc 0.2392 Tw (effective and efficient flood plain management. However, some progress has already ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0929 Tc 0.4679 Tw (been made in overcoming obstacles and to move to) Tj 246 0 TD -0.0195 Tc 0.7695 Tw (wards non) Tj 48.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0524 Tc 0.0524 Tw (structural flood control ) Tj -299.25 -21 TD -0.0556 Tc 0.3235 Tw (adjustments along Fraser River Valley. The creation of the Joint Program Committee for ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0479 Tc 0.1729 Tw (Integrated Flood Hazard Management by the Fraser Basin Council has created an ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0407 Tc 0.2907 Tw (opportunity to facilitate communication amongst flood p) Tj 272.25 0 TD -0.0805 Tc 0.3805 Tw (lain stakeholders. This initiative ) Tj -272.25 -21 TD -0.0661 Tc 0.5661 Tw (offers the greatest potential for making progress in adopting non) Tj 308.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0524 Tc 0.0524 Tw (structural flood control ) Tj -312.75 -20.25 TD -0.088 Tc 0.463 Tw (options in the Lower Fraser Valley. ) Tj 173.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -173.25 -21 TD ( ) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.084 Tc 0.666 Tw (A non) Tj 29.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0676 Tc 0.356 Tw (structural approach to flood damage reduction needs to take centre stage in flood ) Tj -33.75 -20.25 TD 0.362 Tc 0 Tw (man) Tj 20.25 0 TD -0.0746 Tc 0.4207 Tw (agement policy in British Columbia if the province is to avoid exponential flood ) Tj -20.25 -21 TD -0.0344 Tc 0.2594 Tw (damage costs. Tools are in place to promote a non) Tj 243 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0739 Tc 0.3739 Tw (structural approach to flood damage ) Tj -247.5 -20.25 TD -0.0962 Tc 0.4712 Tw (reduction. However, B.C. has not taken advantage of these devices to date. B.C. lacks ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0572 Tc 0.3072 Tw (strong leadership and commitment to flood management issues. When decisions are ) Tj T* -0.0639 Tc 0.2845 Tw (made they tend to be temporary and reactive. Most often, these decisions are made in the ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0561 Tc 0.3374 Tw (face of potentially large flood events. Conversely, longer) Tj 276 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1034 Tc 0.4784 Tw (term solutions to the flo) Tj 114 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (od ) Tj -394.5 -21 TD -0.0694 Tc 0.3341 Tw (problem in the Lower Fraser Valley are necessary to ensure the safety of its residents. ) Tj 0 -20.25 TD -0.0736 Tc 0.3236 Tw (Forward thinking policy makers must begin to make changes to the process of flood plain ) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0756 Tc 0.5042 Tw (management in B.C. immediately to achieve this goal.) Tj 260.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 356 0 obj 3603 endobj 357 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 354 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 358 0 R >> endobj 358 0 obj << /Length 359 0 R >> stream BT 301.5 77.25 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (95) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -37.5 630.75 TD /F0 14.25 Tf -0.0462 Tc 0.2337 Tw (References ) Tj 69.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -252.75 -12.75 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0855 Tc 0 Tw (American) Tj 46.5 0 TD -0.0485 Tc 0.2985 Tw ( Rivers. 1997. ) Tj 70.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0235 Tc 0 Tw (Floodplains) Tj 57.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.006 Tc 0.256 Tw (. At . ) Tj -138.75 -13.5 TD -0.0529 Tc 0.0529 Tw (4 April 2000.) Tj 63.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -99.75 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0486 Tc 0.0486 Tw (Andrews, Jeanne. 1993. ) Tj 117 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0403 Tc 0.2097 Tw (Flooding: Canada Water Book.) Tj 153 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0658 Tc 0.3158 Tw ( Ottawa: Environment Canada.) Tj 147.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -417.75 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.0202 Tc 0.2702 Tw (Booth, Larry and Frank Quinn. 1995. Twenty) Tj 218.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.047 Tc 0.1541 Tw (Five Years of the Canada Water Act. ) Tj -186.75 -13.5 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0492 Tc 0 Tw (Canad) Tj 32.25 0 TD -0.0028 Tc 0.0028 Tw (ian Water Resources Journal) Tj 139.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0098 Tc 0.0098 Tw ( 20$2$: 65) Tj 47.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (85.) Tj 15 0 TD ( ) Tj -274.5 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0392 Tc 0.2267 Tw (Boyd, Dwight, Anthony Smith and Barbara Veale. 1999. Flood Management on the ) Tj 36 -13.5 TD -0.0363 Tc 0.2238 Tw (Grand River, Ontario, Canada: A Watershed Conservation Perspective. ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.1325 Tc 0 Tw (Environments) Tj 67.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1973 Tc 0.1973 Tw ( 27$1$: 23) Tj 45.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc (47.) Tj 15 0 TD ( ) Tj -168.75 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.0258 Tc 0.0258 Tw (British Columbia 2000. ) Tj 115.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0732 Tc 0.3018 Tw (Local Government ) Tj 93.75 0 TD 0.3135 Tc 0 Tw (Act.) Tj 19.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0395 Tc 0.0395 Tw ( R.S.B.C. 2000 Chapter 323 Sections 907, ) Tj -192.75 -13.5 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (910.) Tj 21 0 TD ( ) Tj -57 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD (_______. 1997. ) Tj 78 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0697 Tc -0.0697 Tw (Fish Protection Act.) Tj 97.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0566 Tc 0.0566 Tw ( R.S.B.C. 1997 Chapter 21 Section 4.1.g.) Tj 196.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -372 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.0056 Tc 0.0056 Tw (_______. 1996a. ) Tj 83.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0134 Tc -0.0134 Tw (Agricultural Land Commission Act.) Tj 171 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0152 Tc -0.1098 Tw ( R.S.B.C. 1996 Chapter 10 Section ) Tj -218.25 -13.5 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj -45 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD (_______. 1996b. ) Tj 84 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0746 Tc 0.4496 Tw (Drainage, Ditch and Dike ) Tj 128.25 0 TD 0.3135 Tc 0 Tw (Act.) Tj 19.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0535 Tc 0.0535 Tw ( R.S.B.C 1996 Chapter 102.) Tj 133.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -365.25 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.0056 Tc 0.0056 Tw (_______. 1996c. ) Tj 83.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0028 Tc 0.0028 Tw (Emergency Program Act) Tj 120 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0348 Tc 0.0348 Tw (. R.S.B.C. 1996 Chapter 111 Section 4.2.a.) Tj 204.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -408 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD (_______. 1996d. ) Tj 84 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0744 Tc -0.0744 Tw (Environment Management Act.) Tj 150.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0664 Tc -0.0586 Tw ( R.S.B.C. 1996 Chapter 118 Section ) Tj -198.75 -14.25 TD -0.097 Tc 0 Tw (2.f.i.) Tj 21.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -57.75 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.0056 Tc 0.0056 Tw (_______. 1996e. ) Tj 83.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0972 Tc -0.2847 Tw (Environment and Land Use Act.) Tj 155.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0684 Tc 0.0684 Tw ( R.S.B.C. 19) Tj 60 0 TD -0.033 Tc 0.033 Tw (96 Chapter 117 Sections ) Tj -262.5 -13.5 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.0098 Tw (3.a, 3.b.) Tj 38.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -74.25 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.0711 Tc 0.0711 Tw (_______. 1996f. ) Tj 81 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0882 Tc -0.0882 Tw (Expropriation Act.) Tj 90.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0185 Tc 0.0185 Tw ( R.S.B.C. 1996 Chapter 125.) Tj 137.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -309 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.0536 Tc 0.0536 Tw (_______. 1996g. ) Tj 83.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.1223 Tc -0.1223 Tw (Fisheries Act.) Tj 67.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0133 Tc 0.0133 Tw ( R.S.B.C. 1996 Chapter 149 Section 28.) Tj 191.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -342 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0536 Tc 0.0536 Tw (_______. 1996h. ) Tj 83.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0471 Tc 0.4221 Tw (Flood Relief Act) Tj 79.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0148 Tc 0.0148 Tw (. R.S.B.C. 1996 Chapter 151 Section 1.c.) Tj 196.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -359.25 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0258 Tc 0.0258 Tw (_______. 1996i) Tj 74.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0397 Tc -0.0397 Tw (Insurance Act. ) Tj 73.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0141 Tc -0.0141 Tw (R.S.B.C. 1996 Chapter 226.) Tj 134.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -288.75 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.024 Tc 0.024 Tw (_______. 1996j. ) Tj 81 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0355 Tc 0.0355 Tw (Land Title Act) Tj 69 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0156 Tc 0.0156 Tw (. R.S.B.C 1996 Chapter 250. Sections 82, 219.) Tj 222.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -372.75 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD (_______. 1996k. ) Tj 84 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.012 Tw (Property Law Act) Tj 86.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0356 Tc 0.0356 Tw (. R.S.B.C. 1996 Chapter 377 Section 35.) Tj 193.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -363.75 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.0776 Tc 0.0776 Tw (_______. 1996l. ) Tj 81 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.077 Tc -0.077 Tw (Riverbank Protection Act.) Tj 126 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0988 Tc 0.0988 Tw ( R.S.B.C 1996 Chapte) Tj 105.75 0 TD -0.0189 Tc 0.0189 Tw (r 408 Section 1.) Tj 75.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 359 0 obj 5865 endobj 360 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 354 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 361 0 R >> endobj 361 0 obj << /Length 362 0 R >> stream BT 301.5 77.25 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.75 Tf -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (96) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -220.5 632.25 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.024 Tc 0.024 Tw (_______. 1996m. ) Tj 87 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.125 Tc -0.125 Tw (Wildlife Act.) Tj 60.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0146 Tc 0.0146 Tw ( R.S.B.C. 1996 Chapter 488 Sections 111.2.a, 111.2.b.) Tj 261 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -408.75 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0536 Tc 0.0536 Tw (_______. 1996n. ) Tj 84 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0366 Tc -0.0366 Tw (Dike Maintenance Act.) Tj 110.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0194 Tc 0.0194 Tw ( R.S.B.C. 1996 Chapter 95.) Tj 131.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -325.5 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD (_______. 1986. ) Tj 78 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.069 Tc 0.069 Tw (Municipal Act) Tj 68.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0156 Tc 0.0156 Tw (. R.S.B.C 1986 C. 323 Section 910.) Tj 170.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -316.5 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.0128 Tc 0.0128 Tw (British Columbia. B.C. St) Tj 123.75 0 TD -0.0728 Tc 0.0728 Tw (ats 2000. ) Tj 45.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.1247 Tw (Total Population Development Region 2: Estimated ) Tj -133.5 -13.5 TD 0.0495 Tc -0.0495 Tw (and Projected) Tj 68.25 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0235 Tc 0.0235 Tw (. At . 20 ) Tj -68.25 -14.25 TD -0.1107 Tc 0.1107 Tw (June 2001.) Tj 51 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -87 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0134 Tc 0.0134 Tw (British Columbia. MELP 1999a. ) Tj 159 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0015 Tc 0.0015 Tw (More Flood Control Projects Approved: Provincial ) Tj -123 -14.25 TD -0.0283 Tc 0.0283 Tw (funding nears $7 million) Tj 117.75 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.25 Tc -0.25 Tw (. At) Tj 18 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -135.75 -13.5 TD -0.0125 Tc -0.2375 Tw (. 25 May ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1999.) Tj 27 0 TD ( ) Tj -63 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0081 Tc 0.0081 Tw (_______. Water Management Branch. Public Safety Section. 1999b. ) Tj 331.5 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.009 Tc 0.009 Tw (Floodplain ) Tj -295.5 -14.25 TD -0.0081 Tc 0.0081 Tw (Management Survey Results for Local Government in British Columbia.) Tj 346.5 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.036 Tc 0.036 Tw ( Victoria, ) Tj -346.5 -13.5 TD -0.0645 Tc 0 Tw (B.C.) Tj 21.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -57.75 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0335 Tc 0.0335 Tw (_______. Resources) Tj 96.75 0 TD -0.0518 Tc 0.2393 Tw ( Inventory Branch. 1998a. ) Tj 128.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.034 Tc -0.034 Tw (Floodplain Mapping Program: An ) Tj -189 -13.5 TD -0.0183 Tc 0.0183 Tw (essential step for reducing flood damage.) Tj 198 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.375 Tc 0.75 Tw ( At ) Tj -198 -14.25 TD -0.0104 Tc 0.0104 Tw (. 25 May 1999.) 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Tj 72.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -282.75 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD (_______. 1993. ) Tj 81 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0244 Tc -0.0244 Tw (Stewardship of the W) Tj 102.75 0 TD -0.0404 Tc 0.0404 Tw (ater of British Columbia: 6 ) Tj 132.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.009 Tc 0.009 Tw ( Floodplain ) Tj -284.25 -13.5 TD 0.0998 Tc 0 Tw (Management.) Tj 66 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1025 Tc 0.4775 Tw ( Victoria, B.C.) Tj 69.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -171.75 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0392 Tc 0.1892 Tw (_______. Water Management Branch. n.d.a.. ) Tj 218.25 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0268 Tc 0.4018 Tw (Flood Hazard Management Homepage. ) Tj 195 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.375 Tc 0.375 Tw (At ) Tj -377.25 -13.5 TD -0.0276 Tc 0.2151 Tw (. 1 December 1998. ) Tj 283.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -319.5 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0382 Tc 0.1882 Tw (_______. 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